saccharin functional groups

52855293. National Library of Medicine [6] Similarly, saccharose is an obsolete name for sucrose (table sugar). Alkanes are said to be saturated hydrocarbons, because the carbons are bonded to the maximum possible number of hydrogens in other words, they are saturated with hydrogen atoms. QSR Midwest Group LLC is a limited liability company (LLC) located at 8101 Richardson Rd Ste 101 in Commerce Township, Michigan that received a Coronavirus-related PPP loan from the SBA of $1,109,101.00 in February, 2021. In the case of chlordiazepoxide, absorption bands were distinguished at 3426.4, 1624.8, 1170.5, and 1029.4 cm 1 . 112. 30, pp. Mater. IFA-13-CH-123. 160, pp. It is also widely used in the industrial manufacture of other chemicals. Acetic acid gives vinegar its characteristic smell and flavor and is a fundamental biological and industrial building block. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, S. M. Hassan Zadeh Shirazi,M. E. Bahrololoom&M. H. Shariat, You can also search for this author in The aromatic group is exemplified by benzene (which used to be a commonly used solvent in the organic lab, but which was shown to be carcinogenic), and naphthalene, a compound with a distinctive mothball smell. Fix, G.L. Parshutin, V.V. Soc., 1997, vol. (If you want bananas to ripen quickly, put them in a paper bag along with an apple the apple emits ethene gas, setting off the ripening process in the bananas). As a consequence, all food containing saccharin was labeled with a warning meeting the requirement of the Saccharin Study and Labeling Act of 1977. Technol., 2009, vol. Saccharin Sulfonamides as Inhibitors of Carbonic Anhydrases I - Hindawi Some esters have very pleasant odors, so they are used in the manufacture of many perfumes. Correspondence to To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the bold terms in the following summary and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter. This molecule, called formaldehyde, can be used as a tissue preservative or as a very harsh disinfectant. Kaneko, N., Shinohara, N., Itoh, Y., and Nezu, H., Bunseki Kagaku, 1991, vol. Starch, the principal carbohydrate of plants, is composed of the polysaccharides amylose (10%30%) and amylopectin (70%90%). When a carbonyl carbon is bonded on one side to a carbon (or hydrogen) and on the other side to an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, the functional group is considered to be one of the carboxylic acid derivatives, a designation that describes a set of related functional groups. In addition to its industrial uses, isopropanol is used to clean various surfaces, including computer monitors, whiteboards, and even skin (e.g., before getting blood drawn). How do I determine the molecular shape of a molecule? and Pollack, J.D., Anal. Herein, saccharin acts as an ammonia surrogate for this application, delivering both high conversions and regioselectivity. 10471055. 21852197. Paunovic, M. and Schlesinger, M., Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition, Chichester Wiley, 1998. Draw the structure of L-fucose. Ebrahimi, F., Bourne, G.R., Kelly, M.S., and Matthews, T.E., Nanostruct. 52, pp. Methyl ethyl ketone is used as a paint stripper and a solvent. 1.6: Functional Groups - Chemistry LibreTexts Esters are very important in synthesis and in nature. She received her Master of Science degree in Chemistry under the supervision of Dr Sonia Kaushal Assistant Chemist, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India in 2019. Eng. 205, pp. Finish., 1997, vol. Sci., 1999, vol. The article is published in the original. Methane, CH4, is the natural gas you may burn in your furnace. Its structure consists of repeating disaccharide units containing glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine connected by a -1,3-linkage. Electrochem., 2009, vol. 5558. May 29, 2015 There is only one functional group in saccharine a carboxylic sulfonimide (highlighted with color in the image below). Electrochem., 2007, vol. 57435574. Paunovic, M. and Schlesinger, M., Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition, Chichester Wiley, 1998. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. How do you calculate the ideal gas law constant? 415428. Any solid sugar can be all alpha or all beta. [32], In 1958, the United States Congress amended the Food, Drugs, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 with the Delaney clause to mandate that the Food and Drug Administration not approve substances that "induce cancer in man, or, after tests, [are] found to induce cancer in animals." Appl. The commercial saccharin on the market are mainly its soluble salts, commonly as sodium saccharin, also with a little calcium saccharin and potassium saccharin. Also, these saccharin derivatives act as a source of CO, NH 2, SCN, SCF 3 and nitro groups. - 195.231.16.17. Functional groups are structural units within organic compounds that are defined by specific bonding arrangements between specific atoms. Production continued on the site until 1926. [11][12] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) originally classified saccharin in Group 2B ("possibly carcinogenic to humans") based on the rat studies, but downgraded it to Group 3 ("not classifiable as to the carcinogenicity to humans") upon review of the subsequent research. When ingested by humans and other animals, starch is hydrolyzed to glucose and becomes the bodys energy source. As Pelckmans and coworkers131 reported wide range of amines which were synthesized from biomass-derived substrates by using sustainable heterogeneously catalyzed reaction which could be highly effective in chemical industry. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, S. M. Hassan Zadeh Shirazi,M. E. Bahrololoom&M. H. Shariat, You can also search for this author in 621640. Lactose, D-ribose, and D-glyceraldehyde would give a positive Benedicts test. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Much of the remainder of your study of organic chemistry will be taken up with learning about how the different functional groups behave in organic reactions. Met. The carbonyl group present in monosaccharides is easily oxidized by Tollens or Benedicts reagents (as well as others). 33, pp. What monosaccharide units compose this disaccharide? A protonated alcohol is an oxonium ion. 103, pp. 34, pp. 3.1 Characterisation 3.1.1 Characterisation of additive We will learn more about the structure and reactions of aromatic groups next semester. 83118316. In the mice study, neither of the saccharin doses affected the glucose or hormonal responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT . Sci., 2011, vol. Draw one example each of compounds fitting the descriptions below, using line structures. Nanostructural materials exhibit different mechanical, physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties relative to conventional structures. 39, pp. That makes it a sulfonamide: #"RSO"_2"NH"_2"#. Anesthetics such as procaine and benzocaine also contain esters. 469474. Appl.Electrochem. Coat. The X-ray diffraction patterns were used to determine the average grain size of the nanocrystalline nickel coatings. A summary table is included in your workbook, and is reproduced here for reference; the priority is used when determining how to name a compound with multiple functional groups. 733739. Bromoethane is a simple alkyl halide often used in organic synthesis. In the example below, the difference between cis and trans alkenes is readily apparent. Both maltose and lactose contain a free anomeric carbon that can convert to an aldehyde functional group, so they are reducing sugars; they also undergo mutarotation. [19] Fahlberg noticed a sweet taste on his hand one evening, and connected this with the compound benzoic sulfimide on which he had been working that day. PubChem . In an ether functional group, a central oxygen is bonded to two carbons. 17. The simplest carbohydrates . Formic acid acts as a protective chemical for many stinging insects and plants. 5558. J. Electrochem. Which enzyme hydrolyzes each carbohydrate? Fahlberg would soon grow wealthy, while Remsen merely grew irritated, believing he deserved credit for substances produced in his laboratory. Oxidation of the methyl substituent gives the carboxylic acid, which cyclicizes to give saccharin free acid:[41], In 1950, an improved synthesis was developed at the Maumee Chemical Company of Toledo, Ohio. Ethyne, commonly called acetylene, is used as a fuel in welding blow torches. Costavaras, T.A., Froment, M., Goff, A.H., and Geogolis, C., J. Electrochem. Hassan Zadeh Shirazi, S.M., Bahrololoom, M.E. The aim of this study is to clarify the functional mechanism of saccharin as a grain refiner in order to realize which functional group of this molecule works as a grain refiner and causes enhancement of properties. 51, 427556. Martnez C. Prez E. G. Iglesias . Escudero-Adn E. C. Muiz K. Lu N. Chang W.-H. Wei R.-J. If 3.0 mmol (3.0 10 3 mol) samples of saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, and acesulfame K were each dissolved in separate beakers containing 500 . Both groups were randomly assigned to drinking water with saccharin or water only for an additional 10 weeks. The disaccharide lactose contains a galactose unit and a glucose unit joined by a -1,4-glycosidic linkage. What reagents are needed for the conversion of D-glucosamine to N-acetylglucosamine? in 2003 reported the synthesis of peptides, esters and amides in the presence of new condensing reagent N,N-carbonyldisaccharin (Scheme 110). and Sholtoyan, N.S., Surf. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Telehealth services available. and Sholtoyan, N.S., Surf. The buildup of water and bacterial decay products leads to cramps and diarrhea. Saccharin(3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo [d]isothiazol-1,1-dioxide) is a condensed heterocyclic o -sulfobenzimide, discovered in the late 1870s by chemists in the USA. Ketones undergo most of the same reactions as aldehydes, but they tend to be slightly less reactive. He thought he was eating sugar, when in point of fact he was eating a coal tar product totally devoid of food value and extremely injurious to health." Draw the structure of a hypothetical reducing disaccharide composed of two aldohexoses. In alcohols, what matters is how many other carbons the alcohol, There are a number of functional groups that contain a carbon-oxygen double bond, which is commonly referred to as a, A group with a carbon-nitrogen double bond is called an, When a carbonyl carbon is bonded on one side to a carbon (or hydrogen) and on the other side to an oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, the functional group is considered to be one of the , Other derivatives are carboxylic esters (usually just called, A single compound often contains several functional groups, particularly in biological organic chemistry. 384403. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Nakamura, Y., Kaneko, N., Watanabe, M., and Nezu, H., J. Appl. Hassani, S., Raeissi, K., and Golozar, M.A., J. Appl. This ketone is commonly used to remove fingernail polish and serves as an industrial solvent. 605612. Thu 8:00am - 5:00pm. Moti, E., Shariat, M.H., and Bahrololoom, M.E., J. Appl. Wed 8:00am - 5:00pm. Saccharin is one of the additives that is usually added to the Watts bath in the electroplating process as a grain refiner. Ortiz, A.L. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar because it has no anomeric carbon that can reform a carbonyl group, and it cannot undergo mutarotation because of the restrictions imposed by this linkage. 95, pp. Chem., 1980, vol. Furthermore, many alkenes can take two geometric forms: cis or trans. Rashidi, A.M. and Amadeh, A., Surf. around the world. 11, pp. Carboxylic acids with longer carbon chains (fatty acids) are used by animals as a way of storing energy and are widely used in the manufacture of soaps. 343350. We envision that this review will help to stimulate research in the area of sugar and their derivatives that may release exhilarating perspectives in organic synthesis, material science and pharmaceutical industry. Eng. John, S., Met. Lowenheim, F.A., Modern Electroplating, Chichester: Wiley, 1974, 3rd ed. 24, pp. Finish., 2009, vol. Ethers are good solvents for other organic compounds because of their low reactivity. In the European Union, saccharin is also known by the E number (additive code) E954. Technol., 2002, vol. Electrochem., 1991, vol. The ortho isomer is separated and converted to the sulfonamide with ammonia. Meyer, M.A., Mishra, A., and Benson, D.J., Prog. Consequently, they can help us to understand which functional group in saccharin Polyacrylamide is a very widely used amide; it is involved in t he treatment of drinking water and sewage, and in plastics manufacture. An $$\ce{OH}$$ group that is directly connected to a carbonyl will ionize to a small extent when dissolved in water. Met. In order to produce nanostructural materials, some additives are used as grain refiners. It is prepared industrially by the reduction of D-glucose. [17] Saccharin in toothpaste can cause burning sensations, swelling, and rashes of the mouth and lips in sensitive individuals. and Pollack, J.D., Anal. Appl. The chemical name of saccharin is benzoic sulfimide. Later, we will study the nature of the bonding on alkenes and alkynes, and learn that that the bonding in alkenes is trigonal planar in in alkynes is linear. Identify all the functional groups in each structure. Saccharin is one of the additives that is usually added to the Watts bath in the electroplating process as a grain refiner. Ortiz, A.L. From future aspect saccharin and its derivatives can replace other catalyst and favors the green application which is demand of the day as the derivatives can be easily prepared in laboratory and recycled further. Finally, a nitrile group is characterized by a carbon triple-bonded to a nitrogen. All atoms should have complete octets (phosphorus may exceed the octet rule). 77, pp. Saccharin is often used with aspartame in diet carbonated soft drinks, so some sweetness remains should the fountain syrup be stored beyond aspartame's relatively short shelf life. Mater. Propose a structure for D-glucitol. [8] The calcium salt is also sometimes used, especially by people restricting their dietary sodium intake. Carbohydrates, a large group of biological compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, include sugars, starch, glycogen, and cellulose. 38, pp. Google Scholar. Regardless of this property, saccharin functional groups are. 74, pp. 52, pp. The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry/. Coat. In a release in December 2010, the EPA stated that saccharin is no longer considered a potential hazard to human health. DMC Charach Cancer Treatment Center is a medical group practice located in Commerce Township, MI that specializes in Orthopedic Surgery and Physician Assistant (PA), and is open 5 days per week . That makes it an amide: RCONH2. Find Sexual Abuse Support Groups in Commerce Township, Oakland County, Michigan, get help from a Commerce Township Sexual Abuse Group, or Sexual Abuse Counseling Groups. From this review it is inferred that saccharin and its derivative can provide a vast range of catalytic system for synthesis of various heterocyclic framework, protection of functional groups as well as for functional group conversion. National Library of Medicine. Which solution would have the least sweet taste? Find the frequency range in the first column on the . Identify and name functional groups in compounds. 55, pp. 96, pp. However, nanoscale functional-group analysis by NFIR, which is capable of analyzing an area smaller than the spot size obtained by ATR-FTIR, demonstrates that PVP is heterogeneously distributed on dialysis membranes, and PVP homogeneity for the PEPA membrane is higher than that for the PSf membrane. and Kieling, V.C., Met. How does galactosemia differ from lactose intolerance in terms of the cause of the disease and its symptoms and severity? Saccharin | C7H5NO3S | CID 5143 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. 21, pp. The double and triple-bonded carbons in alkenes and alkynes have fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to them they are thus referred to as unsaturated hydrocarbons. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Surf. Sci., 1995, vol. . For example the structure of capsaicin, found in chili peppers, incorporates several functional groups, labeled in the figure below and explained throughout this section. Huang S.-Q. The #"NH"# group looks like an amine, but it isn't, because it is attached to a carbonyl group. The distinction is important, because as we will see later, there is a significant difference in the reactivity of alcohols and phenols. 981988. The article is published in the original. Cryst., 1993, vol. Crucial issues include the poor regioselectivity and functional group tolerance of the protocol, as it is clearly unamenable to acid-sensitive functional groups, and side products resulting from . We would have to call this half-and-half group a carboxylic sulfonimide. It summarizes characteristic group frequencies, mainly of functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Ebrahimi, F., Bourne, G.R., Kelly, M.S., and Matthews, T.E., Nanostruct. | Everyday Health", "Toothpaste Allergy: Yes, You Can be Allergic to Toothpaste", "On the oxidation of substitution products of aromatic hydrocarbons. Technol., 2000, vol. ", "Do Sweet 'N Low Dangers Still Exist? Raffinose, a trisaccharide found in beans and sugar beets, contains D-galactose, D-glucose, and D-fructose. She completed her Ph.D. thesis in 2013 under the supervision of Professor Ranjana S. Khanna (Banaras Hindu University) and co-supervision of Dr Atul Kumar (CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute). Mosavat, S.H., Bahrololoom, M.E., and Shariat, M.H., Appl. Water (H2O) is not carbon-based, therefore it is considered an inorganic compound. The structure of saccharin is The NH group looks like an amine, but it isn't, because it is attached to a carbonyl group. A. Fausto R. Cristiano M. L. S. Tamura Y. Watanabe F. Nakatani T. Yasui K. Fuji M. Komurasaki T. Tsuzuki H. Maekawa R. Yoshioka T. Kawada K. Sugita K. Ohtani M. Bugalho S. C. S. Lapinski L. Cristiano M. L. S. Frija L. M. T. Fausto R. Frija L. M. T. Rocha B. G. M. Kuznetsov M. L. Cabral L. I. L. Cristiano M. L. S. Pombeiro A. J. L. Yoshimura A. Koski S. R. Fuchs J. M. Saito A. Nemykin V. N. Zhdankin V. V. Pelckmans M. Renders T. Van de Vyver S. Sels B. F. Kamble R. B. Mane K. D. Rupanawar B. R. Korekar P. Sudalai A. Suryavanshi G. Farrell R. P. Silva Elipe M. W. Bartberger M. D. Tedrow J. S. Vounatsos F. Indian J. The polysaccharide cellulose provides structure for plant cells. 16.8 End-of-Chapter Material | The Basics of General, Organic, and Lowenheim, F.A., Modern Electroplating, Chichester: Wiley, 1974, 3rd ed. L-Fucose is an aldohexose that is often incorporated into oligosaccharides attached to cell membranes. Harvey Wiley, then the director of the bureau of chemistry for the FDA, viewed it as an illegal substitution of a valuable ingredient, sugar, by a less valuable ingredient. Use this table when you already know the frequency of your material. This business is a Church's Chicken franchise. Soc., 1997, vol. 40, pp. A procedure of regioselective amination of unsymmetrical 3,5-substituted pyridine N-oxides using saccharin as an ammonium surrogate reported by Farrell et al. Which are currently approved for use in the United States? Isopropanol is commonly known as rubbing alcohol. b) an ion with molecular formula C3H5O6P 2- that includes aldehyde, secondary alcohol, and phosphate functional groups. El-Sherik, A.M. and Erb, U., J. Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068375516050112. What reagent(s) could be used to carry out each conversion? also investigated the oxidation of secondary alcohols such as allylic, benzylic, and aliphatic secondary alcohols to corresponding ketones in the presence of cobalt(ii) and copper(ii) tetrazole-saccharinate as an effective catalyst (Scheme 103).128 Full conversion was carried out under mild conditions and overcome the major drawback as oxidative (dehydrogenation) activation of alcohol. Diphenylamineacts as a stabilizer for certain types of explosives. [33], However, in 2000, the warning labels were removed because scientists learned that rodents, unlike humans, have a unique combination of high pH, high calcium phosphate, and high protein levels in their urine. Ciszewski, A., Posluszny, S., Milczarek, G., and Baraniak, M., Surf. [9][10], In the 1970s, studies performed on laboratory rats found an association between consumption of high doses of saccharin and the development of bladder cancer. 353358. [43][44], InChI=1S/C7H5NO3S/c9-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)12(10,11)8-7/h1-4H,(H,8,9), InChI=1/C7H5NO3S/c9-7-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)12(10,11)8-7/h1-4H,(H,8,9), Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, The examples and perspective in this section, (As discussed below, the relative contributions of Fahlberg and Remsen to the discovery were later contested, with no final resolution in sight; the 1879 paper announcing the discovery lists both names as authors, with Fahlberg's name first.). Neltner T. G. Kulkami N. R. Alger H. M. Maffini M. V. Bongard E. D. Fortin N. D. Olson E. D. Chattopadhyay S. Raychaudhuri U. Chakraborty R. Banerjee B. Bhardwaj V. Kaur A. Kaur G. Singh A. Nageswar Y. V. D. Reddy K. H. V. Ramesh K. Murthy S. N. Bandyopadhyay D. Mukherjee S. Granados J. C. Short J. D. Banik B. K. Balakrishna A. Aguiar A. Sobral P. J. M. Wani M. Y. Silva J. Those monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde functional group are called aldoses; those containing a ketone functional group on the second carbon atom are ketoses. 57435574. 30, pp. 10471055. Electrochem., 2010, vol. Kaneko, N., Shinohara, N., Itoh, Y., and Nezu, H., Bunseki Kagaku, 1991, vol. Silkin, S.A., Belevskii, S.S., Tsyntsaru, N.I., Shulman, A.I., Shchuplyakov, A.N., and Dikusar, A.I., Surf. There is only one functional group in saccharine a carboxylic sulfonimide (highlighted with color in the image below). [18], Saccharin was produced first in 1879, by Constantin Fahlberg, a chemist working on coal tar derivatives in Ira Remsen's laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. 689694. Thiourea, also chemically named as Thiocarbamide, is a nitrogen and sulfur containing compound. J. Electrochem. Appl.Electrochem. & Shariat, M.H. A linkage between two phosphates creates a phosphate anhydride. Draw the structure of the disaccharide unit found in hyaluronic acid. FOIA Olah G. A. Gupta B. G. B. Narang S. C. Malhorta R. Kochhar K. S. Bal B. S. Deshpande R. P. Rajadhyaksha S. N. Pinnick H. W. Zare A. Kaveh H. Merajoddin M. Moosavi-Zare A. R. Hasaninejad A. Zolfigol M. A. Zare A. Mokhlesi M. Hasaninejad A. Hekmat-Zadeh T. de Souza S. P. L. da Silva J. F. M. de Mattos M. C. S. Baharfar R. Alinezhad H. Azimi S. Salehian F. Firouzabadi H. Iranpoor N. Ebrahimzadeh F. Dawn H.-S. Pitman I. H. Higuchi T. Young S. Nockemann P. Thijs B. Driesen K. Janssen C. R. Hecke K. V. Meervelt L. V. Kossmann S. Kirchner B. Binnemans K. Kumar A. Kumar P. Tripathi V. D. Srivastava S. Ming L. Wei-Si G. Li-Rong W. Ya-Feng L. Hua-Zheng Y. Kumar A. Srivastava S. Gupta G. Kumar P. Sarkar J. Moghaddam F. M. Koozehgiri G. R. Dekamin M. G. Cochet T. Bellosta V. Greiner A. Roche D. Cossy J. Fang H.-P. Fu C.-C. Tai C.-K. Chang K.-H. Yang R.-H. Wu M.-J. Amines serve a wide variety of uses. Fang Y.-C. Han T.-W. Wang G.-Q. 95, pp. 52, 434442 (2016). 163168. [5] Both words are derived from the Greek word (sakkharon) meaning "gravel". A carboxylate ion (see figure below), in which the negative charge is spread over two different oxygen atoms through resonance structures, is more stable than an isolated oxygen-centered anion. Although saccharin was commercialized not long after its discovery, until sugar shortages during World War I, its use had not become widespread. Coat. 150, pp. For instance, nanostructural nickel shows enhanced properties compared to those of polycrystalline nickel, such as higher microhardness, increased wear resistance, higher brightness and lower roughness. The sweetener has continued to be widely used in the United States and is now the third-most popular artificial sweetener behind sucralose and aspartame. & Shariat, M.H. A. Sutradhar M. Cristiano M. L. S. Ismael A. Kopylovich M. N. Pombeiro A. J. L. Frija L. M. T. Kuznetsov M. L. Rocha B. G. M. Cabral L. Cristiano M. L. S. Kopylovich M. N. Pombeiro A. J. L. Ismael A. Paixo J. Moti, E., Shariat, M.H., and Bahrololoom, M.E., J. Appl. 867874. Fahlberg's account of how he discovered the sweetness of saccharin appears in: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States Food and Drug Administration, "The Catalyzed Dehydration of Acetaldehyde Hydrate, and the Effect of Structure on the Velocity of Protolytic Reactions", "ber die Oxydation des Orthotoluolsulfamids", "Artificial sweeteners--do they bear a carcinogenic risk?

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