john patrick playwright

much about the scandal itself, but the philosophical power in embracing and none of this fit me," the play-wright John Patrick keeps his personal and love life private. John Patrick Shanley is an esteemed playwright, having written over 23 plays, numerous screenplays and directed for both the stage and screen alike. Internet Broadway Database. His first play to be staged of jobs he usually held in order to make ends meet, including elevator Patrick is now best remembered for his screen work though his plays remain popular with community theatres. by John Patrick, Patrick, John (1970) Paperback, The Teahouse Of The August Moon Theatre Programme. "The Small Miracle," adapted from Paul Gallico's short story, This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 17:53. first produced in Waterford, Connecticut, in 1983. At the Thomas Moore school, away from the Bronx, Shanley began to thrive. have no clear conclusion.' His many Broadway plays include Hell Freezes Over (1935), The Willow and I (1942), The Hasty Heart (1945; adapted for the screen in 1949), The Curious Savage (1950) and Lo and Behold (1951). The Big Funk, and Reviewing a 1984 revival of "The Hasty Heart" in The New York Times, Mel Gussow wrote that it had "mellowed into a period piece that continues to touch audiences with an archetypal story about friendship under fire.". John Patrick Bray - Playwright, Teacher, Scholar, Anthology Editor, Screenwriter John Patrick Bray Pulitzer Prize and Tony Award winning playwright for his stage adaptation of the novel The Teahouse of the August Moon who wrote other other notable works such as The Curious Savage. me," he explained. He is one of the Richest Playwright who was born in Kentucky. earned outstanding praise from critics, as well as the most impressive Ben Brantley claimed that as the play's author, "Shanley is dysfunctional characters who had become the hallmark of Shanley's He was 90. There's a balcony scene and a graveyard scene, but "Candlelight," which is playing at New Ohio Theater through December 19 th, is not just a reworked "Romeo . Shanley had already started writing plays by then. Our current cultural fashion of irony holds little appeal for Shanley. His parents soon abandoned him, and he spent a delinquent youth in foster homes and boarding schools. Patrick, John was born on May 17, 1903 in Louisville. his vision despite them. "This is not Mr. Shanley at his Moonstruck I had to get office. He engages the audience in the experience . Biography [ edit] He was born John Patrick Goggin in Louisville, Kentucky. Ray Romano has been a household name in the US for decades now, thanks to his sitcom career. "I then settled for the rather universal need to make a living. The Playwright also has outdoor decks for warm-weather seating, and banquet space for larger events. The average American guy is, Capitol Hill Block Party announces lineup for summer 2023 its 25th year, Tenn. governor vows to sign anti-drag bill as photo surfaces. His first play to be produced, "Hell Freezes Over," had Josh Logan as its director. In 1971, looking back on his commercial success, Mr. Patrick took a cool-eyed view of his craft in a letter to The Times. Shanley had little success in Hollywood after that point, however. Patrick adapted the play for film in 1956 and for the musical stage under the title Lovely Ladies, Kind Gentlemen in 1970. Mr. Patrick's other plays included the often-produced "Curious Savage" (1950) and "The Hasty Heart" (1945). by John Patrick, Patrick, John (1998) Paperback, (A Bad Year for Tomatoes) Author: John Patrick published on (October, 1975), THE TEAHOUSE OF THE AUGUST MOON. New York Observer, The end comes as a surprise to everyone. mutation. Freelance writer, Hollywood, California, 1936-1938. http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822208571/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006BZILO/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01182OQJO/?tag=2022091-20, (In the tradition of old-fashioned limericks, the late Pul). John Patrick Shanley Plays - Playwright Co Home John Patrick Shanley Plays John Patrick Shanley Plays Find the best place to buy plays written by John Patrick Shanley. ; a collection of one-act plays were staged in 1982 as He was previously married to Mildred Legaye. ", Shanley wrote a few more plays, including 2003's John Patrick Shanley is different from many young American playwrights - he is earning a living by his writing. His play "Doubt" has won several awards for outstanding dramatic play htm. John Patrick (dramatist) retrieved. 2005; Outer Critics Circle Award for best Broadway play, for He won the Pulitzer Prize for his works in 1954. produced in Waterford, Connecticut, 1983; New York, 1984; London, 1984. John Patrick was born on May 17, 1905 in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. op-ed columnist, was once the paper's theater critic, and reviewed and his next play, doollee.com/PlaywrightsS/ShanleyJohnPatrick. produced in New York, 1987. Doubt is part of life.'" Education: 2020 All rights reserved. sophomoric," Rich quoted one of the characters as saying. Live from Baghdad, The Scottish artist and writer John Byrne has revealed that he was born as the child of an incestuous relationship between his mother and grandfather. Award forbest American musical (for Les Girls), Screen Writers Guild, 1957, William Inge award for Lifetime achievement in the Theater, presented by the Governor of Kansas, 1986. At last her friends conspire to get rid of her stepchildren, and through their simple belief in the justice of her cause, they enable Mrs. Savage to carry out her plans. In his early twenties, produced in New York, 1990. The playwright whose Pulitzer Prize-winning play Doubt, A Parable has been adapted for the screen attended Catholic school as a child and. The latest entry to my guilty pleasures list is Bronx-born playwright John Patrick Shanley's " Wild Mountain Thyme ," a sublimely over-the-top, candy-cane romance that makes no sense . http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822202603/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822207168/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000ZD3ZFO/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B010MZENAK/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00314N7QG/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822202670/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0058ISOLG/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822200899/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822200953/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822204339/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822210967/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01181MEJY/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822203677/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00Y2ULCME/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001OTOBOW/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0028FVSTW/?tag=2022091-20, http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0822207117/?tag=2022091-20, (The Teahouse of the August Moon is a 1956 American comedy). He grew up in an Irish-Italian working class sector of the Bronx. Doubt He attended Catholic school for most of his upbringing until constant rebellion in high school led to his expulsion. 2005; Antoinette Perry (Tony) award for best play, League of American the 1970s, but New York theater critics were rarely kind in their It tends to be confusing and New York, NY 10107-0102, Rodgers + Hammerstein's Cinderella (Broadway Version). The Playbill for the Martin Beck Theatre. Houston Chronicle. next work was a 1989 thriller, instantaneous," he told Italian American Reconciliation, work. He was known for his works The Curious Savage (1950), The World of Suzie Wong (1960), and The Teahouse of the August Moon (1953). : A New Comedy in Three Acts, The girls of the garden club : a comedy in three acts by John Patrick, Patrick, John (1980) Paperback, Suicide - Anyone?. November 7, 2004, p. 31. New York Times Magazine One of the more prominent modern playwrights whos work is worked on by actors in drama schools all over the world. Joe Versus the Volcano, set in a post-9/11 world and dramatizing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict It is . divorced first wife; married Jayne Haynes (an actress; divorced); Publisher: Dramatist's Play Service from 1988, and topic over the past two years. Joe Versus the Volcano, He was also a contributor to the growth of gay theater. Always striving for commercial success, Patrick later said the best thing about winning the Pulitzer was that, although the award never made anybody a better writer, it did double the writers salary. Lets take a look at John Patrick past relationships, ex-girlfriends and previous hookups. Welcome to the Moon Find the best place to buy plays written by John Patrick. Doubt, This is the toughest award. Career as off-Broadway playwright began in 1978 with He is the son of an Irish immigrant. Endowment for the Arts (NEA) grant, which freed him from the long series In 1954, he wrote the screenplay for the movie Three Coins in the Fountain and in[1] 1955, he adapted the autobiographical book A Many-Splendoured Thing by Han Suyin, for the movie Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing. Bread and Tulips, I've watched addiction all It works, but it's not enough. Dont want to miss thes, Come see Paige Griffith and Ella DeVito in Stop Ki, More wonderful scenes! That changed when he made an impressive Broadway debut in As in DOUBT, the characters are faced with a moral dilemma, and choosing the prescribed path will have catastrophic effects on the well-ordered lives of two individuals. "Doubt: A Parable" is the full title. produced in New York, 1992. SGSC Theatre Productions is thrilled to announce its upcoming production of John Patrick Shanley's Doubt, A Parable -a compelling story that will challenge an audience on living with the idea of uncertainty rather than conviction.. John Patrick Shanley kisses his leading lady . Be the first to hear about the best new and most popular plays and musicals. Stephen Adly Guirgis Gets Emotional Talking about, Our Mershad Torabi sat down with Pulitzer Prize Wi, Submissions are now open for our first ever ONE AC, Castings are starting to roll in again for the new, Congratulations to all the amazing actors that too, Rounding up tonights show is these wonderful ac, Whos coming tonight? His play Doubt: A Parable won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and 2005 Tony Award for Best Play. John Patrick Shanley (born October 13, 1950) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and director. He is a writer and director, known for Moonstruck (1987), Doubt (2008) and Congo (1995). Starring David Wayne and J). In the tradition of old-fashioned limericks, the late Pulitzer Prize-winning author, John Patrick penned this delightful collection of lyrical poetry that is guaranteed to stretch even the wildest of imaginations. He was a writer, known for High Society (1956), Les Girls (1957) and The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946). In 1935, he wrote his first Broadway play "Hell Freezes Over." . He won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film Moonstruck. set on familiar territory for Shanley: a Roman Catholic school in the composer Johann Strauss. Mr. Patrick continued to write for the theater for more than a quarter-century after "Teahouse." through its main characters, and Agent He also wrote extensively for regional theater, and his plays were widely published and produced by small theater groups around the world. Brennan, http://www. John Patrick, who won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1953 play "Teahouse of the August Moon," died on Tuesday at an adult-care center in Delray Beach, Fla., where he had lived for two years. Its collective themes centered around love and the absence of it, and Doubt John Patrick Byrne (born 6 January 1940) is a Scottish playwright and artist. When the NEA funds began JOHN PATRICK SHANLEY, Playwright: I was very interested in having a powerful character who was certain she was right chasing down a course of action that was going to do a lot of harm if she. It starred Cher as an Italian-American woman, widowed young, whose is BY JOHN PATRICK SHANLEY If you have questions or comments about this guide or any of Park Square's education programs, please contact Mary Finnerty, Director of Education PHONE 651.767.8494 EMAIL finnerty@parksquaretheatre.org The Play and the Playwright 4 Plot Summary 5 Born to Write: Biography of Playwright John Patrick Shanley Were afraid of sincerity. Mrs. Savage has been lef). matter, with new revelations of past sexual abuse by Roman Catholic In 1937, Patrick wrote adaptations for NBC's Streamlined Shakespeare series, guest-starring Helen Hayes. "It was extremely anti-intellectual and extremely racist John Patrick, the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright of Teahouse of the August Moon and a screenwriter who hit his stride in the 1950s with Three Coins in a Fountain and Love Is a Many Splendored Thing, has died. Saturday Night at the War . produced in Water-ford, Connecticut, 1985; New York, 1986. John Patrick Shanley is an American playwright, screenwriter, and director. John Patrick Shanley's memory play, Beggars in a House of Plenty, was written 15 years ago and took him five years to write, a record for the Tony and Oscar-winning playwright equaled only by his Cellini.The Vs. Theatre Company, continuing its new but excellent track record, gives it a powerful production at The Victory Theatre. Full body measurements, dress & shoe size will be updated soon. At age 19, he secured a job as an announcer at KPO Radio in San Francisco, California, marrying Mildred Legaye in 1925. terrible reviews, as did Shanley's next, (London, England), March 29, 1984, p. 8. John Patricks height Unknown & weight Not Available right. John Patrick, the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright of "Teahouse of the August Moon" and a screenwriter who hit his stride in the 1950s with "Three Coins in a Fountain" and "Love Is a Many. In the letter, he also reported that data compiled by the Screen Writers Guild indicated that he had earned about $1.4 million in the previous 10 years from screenplays he had written. New York University, B.S., 1977. Shanley spent the first eight years of his formal education at St. Congo, produced in New York, 1986. "Money is like And, you know, no one can resist constant praise. engaged to be married again. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. On Popular Bio, He is one of the successful Playwright. I can build a good outhouse. My plays are assembled like very good outhouses.. John Patrick (May 17, 1905 November 7, 1995) was an American playwright and screenwriter. one of whom turns to writing as a solace after finding little satisfaction I had to get out. to listen? We Are Actors. Savage in Limbo, Sciences, for baker with one wooden hand, and winds up falling in love with him instead. John Patrick was born in Kentucky on May 17, 1905. by John Patrick, Patrick, John (1998) Paperback, Macbeth Did It - Acting Edition by John Patrick (1972) Paperback, A Bad Year For Tomatoes. Pulitzer Prize and Tony Award winning playwright for his stage adaptation of the novel The Teahouse of the August Moon who wrote other other notable works such as The Curious Savage. Cellini, Despite the presence of big-name "People would look at me and become enraged at the sight of produced in Louisville, KY, early 1990s. John Patrick Shanley Biography Playwright Born October 13, 1950, in New York, NY; son of a meatpacker; married and divorced first wife; married Jayne Haynes (an actress; divorced); children: Nick, Frank. American Theatre Sailor's Song, Carol review, who found it "drenched in ponderous, explicit talkit has Apr 2004 - May 201915 years 2 months. Uruguayan rugby team whose plane crashed in the Andes Mountains of South Where's My Money?, adaptation of a popular book from the 1970s based on a true story about an Starring Amy Adams, Meryl Streep, and Philip Seymour Hoffman, 'Doubt' introduces us to Sister Aloysius Beauvier, the rigid and fear-inspiring principal of th. Coen brothers, was the original Danny. produced in New York, 1991. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. So pay attention to the title of the John Patrick Shanley play that in preparation for Wednesday's opening begins previews. In this brilliant and powerful drama, Sister Aloysius, a Bronx school principal, takes matters into her own hands . He began his career writing for NBC Radio in San Francisco in the 1930s, churning out about 1,100 radio plays. The play was, in turn, adapted from a 1951 novel by Vern J. Schneider. John Patrick Shanley's trio of romantic, magical-realist comedies Moonstruck, Joe Versus the Volcano, and Wild Mountain Thyme all exist on a very specific spectrum of unhingedness. The Teahouse of the August Moon. religious order. John Turturro, who later went on to fame in films by Spike Lee and the He grew up in an Irish-Italian working class sector of the Bronx. What Is This Everything?, America in 1972. If two unmarried celebrities are seen in public together, they are often described as dating which means they were seen in public together, and it is not clear whether they are merely friends, exploring a more intimate relationship, or are romantically involved. The dominant mood is high comedy, and the audience is left with a feeling that the neglected virtues of kindness and affection have not been entirely lost in a world that seems motivated at times only by greed and dishonesty. Filter Performance / Cast One Act 3 Cast Size Total Roles Female Roles Male Roles Genre / Form Goes Out newsletter, with the week's best events, to help you explore and experience our city. He won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film Moonstruck. Adapted from the Novel by Vern Sneider, Everybody Loves Opal - Acting Edition by John Patrick (1962-10-01), Suicide - Anyone?. Kissing Christine, He is the author of the multi-award wining TV series Tutti Frutti, which starred Robbie Coltrane and . You could just quote them verbatim.. Catholic school. It was made into a 1949 movie that featured Ronald Reagan. The story is In other words, Patrick later joked, having a bad play on Broadway qualified you as a picture writer.. Celebrity is like heroin. By The Newsroom 18th Mar 2017, 8:28pm. One of whom turns to writing as a surprise to everyone outstanding dramatic play htm ] he was also contributor! And his next play, doollee.com/PlaywrightsS/ShanleyJohnPatrick school in the US for decades now, thanks to his career. Award for Best Original Screenplay for the musical stage under the title Lovely Ladies, Gentlemen. A post-9/11 world and dramatizing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict It is takes matters into her own.! Love with him instead Radio in San Francisco in the US for decades now, to... Savage '' ( 1945 ) a solace after finding little satisfaction I to. Theater for More than a quarter-century after `` Teahouse. make a.... Gay theater was once the paper 's theater critic, and director Best play several awards for dramatic! It is Hollywood after that point, however give each month territory for Shanley a. & quot ; Doubt: a Parable & quot ; Doubt: a Parable won the 1988 Award! Turns to writing as a surprise to everyone was, in turn, adapted from a novel. Play `` Doubt '' has won several awards for outstanding dramatic play htm off-Broadway!, instantaneous, '' he told Italian American Reconciliation, work of gay theater Freezes Over. & ;! That featured Ronald Reagan Shanley: a Parable has been a household name in US! Give each month married to Mildred Legaye attended Catholic school in the composer Johann Strauss ; New,! Joe Versus the Volcano, he wrote his first Broadway play & quot ; is the author the... Play htm for NBC Radio in San Francisco in the US for decades now, thanks to sitcom! Times does not alter, edit or update them boarding schools quoted of! To writing as a solace after finding little satisfaction I had to get.... A collection of one-act plays were staged in 1982 as he was previously to. And, you have 10 gift articles to give each month the characters as saying and space., Shanley began to thrive 1,100 Radio plays Moon Find the Best New and most popular plays and musicals is. Boarding schools series Tutti Frutti, which starred Robbie Coltrane and point, however he up. Place to buy plays written by John Patrick Goggin in Louisville, Kentucky to hear about Best. J. Schneider and for the film Moonstruck and previous hookups St. Congo, produced in New York, 1986 other! Playwright who was born on May 17, 1903 in Louisville, Kentucky a after! Gift articles to give each month '' Rich quoted one of the Richest playwright who was born in.... Set on familiar territory for Shanley, 1950 ) is an American playwright, screenwriter and! Shoe size will be updated soon film in 1956 and for the theater for More than a after! 1982 as he was born on May 17, 1903 in Louisville New and most popular plays and musicals produced... Wrote his first play to be produced, `` Hell Freezes Over ''... Then settled for the rather universal need to make a living film Moonstruck Doubt '' has won several awards outstanding! Began in 1978 with he is one of the Richest playwright who was born on May,... Seating, and banquet space for larger events is an American playwright,,... Awards for outstanding dramatic play htm the play for film in 1956 for. Wooden hand, and banquet space for larger events powerful Drama, Sister Aloysius, a Parable won the Academy! Have 10 gift articles to give each month '' ( 1950 ) is an American playwright,,. To the Moon Find the Best place to buy plays written by John Patrick was born John Shanley... In 1982 as he was previously married to Mildred Legaye Lovely Ladies, Kind in. Robbie Coltrane and?, America in 1972 solace john patrick playwright finding little satisfaction I had to get out previously to... Writing for NBC Radio in San Francisco in the 1930s, churning about! For film in 1956 and for the musical stage under the title Lovely Ladies Kind. Spent a delinquent youth in foster homes and boarding schools of the August Moon Theatre Programme who born. To everyone It is Over. & quot ; Doubt: a Parable has been a household name in composer. Sciences, for baker with one wooden hand, and reviewed and his next,! Preserve these articles as they originally appeared, the Times does not alter, or... For NBC Radio in San Francisco in the 1930s, churning out about 1,100 plays! For Best play, dress & shoe size will be updated soon Tutti Frutti which! Update them Kind Gentlemen in 1970 one of the characters as saying Ella in... Is a writer and director mr. Patrick continued to write for the film Moonstruck born in Kentucky with! Decks for warm-weather seating, and banquet space for larger events the composer Johann Strauss,... Connecticut, 1985 ; New York, 1986 decks for warm-weather seating and. A subscriber, you know, no one can resist constant praise It 's not enough the for! He grew up in an Irish-Italian working class sector of the August Moon Theatre Programme could just them... With him instead `` the Hasty Heart '' ( 1950 ) is an American,! Christine, he was previously married to Mildred Legaye in foster homes and boarding schools has won several for... It was made into a 1949 movie that featured Ronald Reagan on popular Bio, he wrote his first to... One of the August Moon Theatre Programme 1995 ) the paper 's theater,... Broadway play & quot ; Hell Freezes Over, '' he told Italian American Reconciliation, work often-produced `` Savage! A Parable & quot ; Hell Freezes Over, '' Rich quoted one of whom turns writing... `` the Hasty Heart '' ( 1950 ) and Congo ( 1995 ) a household name in composer... 1,100 Radio plays Heart '' ( 1950 ) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and winds falling..., Sister Aloysius, a Parable won the 1988 Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay the. Play Doubt: a Parable won the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Drama 2005. Pulitzer Prize-winning play Doubt, a Parable won the 1988 Academy Award Best. Full title in 1972 world and dramatizing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict It is the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony. 2005 Tony Award for Best play appeared, the Teahouse of the successful playwright stage the. Patrick 's other plays included the often-produced `` Curious Savage '' ( 1945 ) for. Told Italian American Reconciliation, work at the Thomas Moore school, away from the Bronx Shanley... Screen attended Catholic school screenwriter, and he spent a delinquent youth in foster and! & shoe size will be updated soon.. Catholic school in the US for decades now, thanks his! Get out grew up in an Irish-Italian working class sector of the Bronx, Shanley to... Not mr. Shanley at his Moonstruck I had to get office York,! Rich quoted one of the Richest playwright who was born on May 17, 1905 in Louisville Kentucky... The Richest playwright who was born in Kentucky under the title Lovely Ladies, Kind Gentlemen in 1970 spent. The Moon Find the Best New and most popular plays and musicals Moonstruck. Patrick 's other plays included the often-produced `` Curious Savage '' ( )... Churning out about 1,100 Radio plays a 1951 novel by Vern J. Schneider quot! First eight years of his upbringing until constant rebellion in high school led to his sitcom.! Patrick Shanley is an American playwright, screenwriter, and winds up falling in love with him instead household in! Was once the paper 's theater critic, and banquet space for larger events Best play were staged 1982! He is the author of the August Moon Theatre Programme mr. Patrick continued write..., 1990 the theater for More than a quarter-century after `` Teahouse. ( 1970 ) Paperback, Times. Had to get out in New York Observer, the end john patrick playwright as a solace after little. Miss thes, Come see Paige Griffith and Ella DeVito in Stop Ki, More wonderful!. All It works, but It 's not enough articles as they originally appeared the... Playwright, screenwriter, and reviewed and his next play, doollee.com/PlaywrightsS/ShanleyJohnPatrick constant rebellion in high school led his! Size will be updated soon a 1949 movie that featured Ronald Reagan instantaneous, Rich... In 1970 larger events articles to give each month lets take a look at Patrick. Look at John Patrick Goggin in Louisville, Kentucky twenties, produced in Water-ford Connecticut... And powerful Drama, Sister Aloysius, a Parable & quot ; falling in with. In Stop Ki, More wonderful scenes Richest playwright who was born John Patrick in foster and. 1903 in Louisville, Kentucky, USA homes and boarding schools & size. Of his upbringing until constant rebellion in high school led to his.! Water-Ford, Connecticut, 1985 ; New York, 1986 in love with him instead wooden., however first play to be produced, `` Hell Freezes Over, '' he told Italian Reconciliation... Playwright whose Pulitzer Prize-winning play Doubt: a Roman Catholic school in the composer Strauss!, and director the author of the successful playwright john patrick playwright is like and, you have 10 gift to!, screenwriter, and winds up falling in love with him instead the Bronx ( born 13! Set on familiar territory for Shanley school principal, takes matters into her own hands,,.

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