what are the side effects of cytopoint for dogs

Does Cytopoint have long term side effects? However, as with any medication, there is always a risk of side effects. Pruritus due to skin disease is one of the most common reasons dog owners seek veterinary care. Expand section Collapse section This is all a sign of a weak immune system and giving into the pred weakened it more and took many steps back. in rarer circumstances, there have been reactions to the . 6 In fact, a clinical study showed dogs receiving Cytopoint had no more side effects than dogs receiving placebo (injections without medication). I am not sure what the Cytopoint side effects are, but about a year or so after he was on Cytopoint he ended up with possible lymphoma and passed away. However, every dog is different, and what works for one dog may not work for another. Apoquel is a medication that helps to control itchiness and inflammation associated with allergic reactions. Seriously? Born and raised in the city of Chicago, Hubert has always had a love for storytelling and the written word. Yeah, its expensive. As part of this Cytopoint review Ill share some pictures. The dose of Apoquel is 0.18 to 0.27mg depending on the body weight of your dog. One small pipe in your car that carries oil to only one bearing in the motor gets blocked. Both work well to stop allergic dogs from feeling so itchy. Some dogs have experienced side effects such as vomiting, hyperexcitability, painful reaction at the injection site, and urinary incontinence after receiving the Cytopoint injection. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. If youre considering Cytopoint as a treatment option for your dogs atopic dermatitis, its important to know what other pet owners have experienced. They activate part of the immune response called the complement system. For my Cytopoint review, I think its worth it for the $100 every 6 weeks if it improves his quality of life and helps decrease the amount I need to vacuum! A recent retrospective study reported that Cytopoint achieved treatment success in 87.8% of the cases with allergic dermatitis. Cytopoint is most commonly dosed at 2 mg/kg body weight (0.9 mg/pound). PetPlace may be compensated when you click on or make a purchase using the links in this article. The most commonly reported side effects include lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. How long does it take for Cytopoint to start working? My shih-tzu was very sick in her last days and we ending up spending a lot on vet bills, medications, and all different types of food because it was really hard to get her to take her pills. Cytopoint sounds like Eucrisa (for humans hehe), it does wonders, but boy is it expensive!? What do you suggest in the mean time, to let the dog continue to rip itself bloody raw and continue to get infections? As with any medication, Cytopoint may result in potential side effects. I have a GSD who is nearing 7 and has spent her entire life itching, scratching, on and off antibiotics. Available as Injectable For use with Canine Strengths 10 mg 20 mg 30 mg 40 mg Pack sizes 5 vials 10 vials To order Benefits How it works Clinical Studies RESOURCES Benefits Seasonal allergies, food allergies, environmental allergies, and allergic reactions to snake and insect bites all respond to Benadryl in most cases. It is an injectable medication that must be given under the skin, and should only be given by a trained professional. @Marie- Hope your little puppy is doing better! Here is my Cytopoint review. From medications like Apoquel and Atopica to natural remedies like omega-3 fatty acids and coconut oil, there are many safe and effective options available. Im here now due to my dog being highly distressed after he just now got a Cytopoint shot. This medication works by suppressing the immune systems response to allergens, which can reduce inflammation and itching. Cytopoint Complaints & Lawsuit. To recap: Apoquel may work better for long-term solutions to pruritus, but Benadryl will be fine in a pinch until you can get something better. Not only can allergy shots for dogs be effective in some cases, but there are relatively few side effects, too. Overall, Cytopoint can be a useful tool for managing allergies in dogs, but it should be used in conjunction with other strategies, such as avoiding triggers and providing supportive care, to achieve the best possible results. The main role of IL 31 is to trigger cell mediated immunity against pathogens. If caught early, survival rate can be as high as 80%. My vet recommends apoquel and assures me that it is safe and not worthy of the warnings it receives. However, allergy shots can be an effective long-term solution for dogs with severe allergies. Safe to use in dogs of any age. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Since Cytopoint is an injection, and is effective for several weeks, it's in the dogs system long term. Please support the hard working holistic vets who make this information possible. } I just have my dog her first dose and wish I had done that research first. Thats cytokine that Cytopoint targets in dogs. Some dogs have experienced side effects such as vomiting, hypersensitivity, painful reaction at the injection site, and urinary incontinence after receiving CytoPoint injection. So whats the difference? Im not sure if we should take him to the vet or see if this passes. Cypoint is available in in single-use 1-mL vials in four concentrations: 10, 20, 30 or 40 mg/vials. Because Temaril-P contains two medicines, the potential for your dog to experience side-effects is somewhat increased. . Cytoppoint is not safe for dogs. $700 for teeth removal is quite a pretty penny! CYTOPOINT is safe to use in dogs of any age. I Feed raw food, tried the allergen shots, ripped out all garden plants replacing with brick, replacing HVAC ducts, installed medical grade air purifiers, removed carpets etc and etc. @Jen B- Thanks so much for sharing your experience Jen, it makes me so sad to hear about your dog, it sounds so much like my experience. He would rub his hiney raw. My vet started my dog on it to get him off Apoquel. It does not store any personal data. It can likewise be utilized in pets on numerous other typically utilized medications, or canines with other diseases. This drug is dosed by weight with some dogs getting a combination of vials to active the appropriate amount of medication. Cytopoint, on the other hand, specifically targets the proteins that cause itching and inflammation without suppressing the immune system, making it a safer long-term treatment option. How Cytopoint Is Supplied These side effects are in alignment with the European Medicines Agency's product information on Cytopoint. No one ever mentioned GI trouble until now now that Cytopoint is discontinued for Severe GI upset!! Overall, pet owners and veterinarians report that Cytopoint is a safe and effective treatment option for atopic dermatitis. GYM, Step-By-Step Guide on How to Invest your TFSA with Questrade, Investing for Millennials: A How to Guide, The 5 Best Canadian Dividend Stocks to Invest In, Rakuten Canada Review: Get Cash Back on Amazon.ca. He didn't want to get up on the table so the vet came to him. Cytopoint not effective in cats. This post may contain affiliate links. US label indication. I really hope it works. Yeah okay. Vet Dermatol. There are several stories ofdogs dying. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Buy Colostrum now >>, So back to the claims from the vets (via the drug company) . The breeder confirmed that my dogs sibling was allergic to chicken. Dogs detox through their skin and its why patience in this true healing journey is so crucial. No, Cytopoint must be administered by a veterinarian. @Jo- Thank you!!! I get why you needed to try anything at all costs but people need to be aware of the dangers of this drug. Had our dogs first injection JULY 12 2021 it relieved the itching almost immediately . Ive spent thousands, THOUSANDS of dollars for his skin. With that, you will be able to give them the right dosage. Its major sites of action are the skin, lung, intestines and nervous system. @media screen and ( max-width: 100% ) { (Interestingly, the same search on a major search engine did not show up these search results. For this reason, and due to the unknown risks, I am less inclined to continue. Tucker is a golden and started itching when he was two. I have a 12 year old Aussie that takes a shot once a month. However, there are precautions and warnings that pet owners should be aware of before using Cytopoint, just like with any new treatment. Weve wanted a Frenchie for the longest time! Again, not much change to his chest area. Cytopoint is administered by injection. The injection can then be given again, as needed. If you have pet insurance, be sure to check with your provider to see if Cytopoint is covered. He does get a prescription food, which I do add fresh food to it. Apoquel side effects are reportedly rare (less than 1 dog out of 10,000 treated), but may include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, anorexia, or blood work changes. IL 31 is a cytokine. @The Luxe Strategist- Kidney problems seems to be very common in cats. Fingers crossed for you for your Frenchie! The medication is given as a single injection that provides relief for up to eight weeks. It is always important to discuss any potential risks and benefits with a veterinarian before starting your dog on any new treatment. This means that dogs may need fewer injections over time, making it a more convenient and cost-effective treatment option. The content on this website is not meant to replace veterinary advice. This amount can be administered two to three times daily, depending on your dogs symptoms. These fats can also help reduce inflammation and itching associated with allergic dermatitis. Many pet insurance plans cover the cost of allergy treatments, including Cytopoint injections. But even though the drug has undergone extensive clinical trials and regulatory approval, pet owners should still be aware of a few safety precautions. Hes still hairless on his sides but at least he doesnt have to wear a shirt anymore to cover up his bald spots. You must be a liberal. Sometimes, especially if the dog is suffering from severe itching, veterinarians can use the three products in combination with great success. What can I use instead of Cytopoint for dogs? I understand quality of life where you were doing raw and felt defeated. Be certain to complete the prescription unless specifically directed otherwise by your veterinarian. He is having little diarrhea too. He was quite relaxed with the baths but it was just too much driving and there wasnt any improvement with his skin. After the fact sadly I did some research on CYTOPOINT and found various instances of this occurring. The treatment is more convenient than other options that call for continual daily application because it only requires a single injection every 4 to 8 weeks. We unfortunately researched everything about the company Zoetis and CytoPoint after the death of my dog. See below. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a4063ab8d8a97d718a08cffdf2afb72c" );document.getElementById("ae31964646").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Its like you wrote my dogs life story pictures and ALL! The following are simply averages that may not suit every dog's needs. The most common side-effects of CYTOPOINT were mild, self-limiting vomiting, diarrhea and lethargy. Steroids are the least expensive allergy shots for dogs and typically range from $20-$40 per injection. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In order to increase the product's safety for all pets, it is also a good idea to report any side effects to the manufacturer. So itsuppresses one part of the immune system, and thusdysregulates the whole immune system. Despite what the manufacturer and vets tell you, Cytopoint does have side effects. The injection is safe to give to dogs of all ages and breeds, including puppies and elderly dogs. Another benefit of Cytopoint is that the effects can last for several weeks or even months. Additionally, Cytopoint is relatively expensive, so some dog owners may look for alternatives. Are Cytopoint injections safe? While they can be effective in reducing itching and inflammation, they can also have significant side effects when used long-term. Best Wishes and my deepest sympathy. OUR DOG COLLAPSED and DIED suddenly , all indications were IMHA brought on by this injection . Since were moving every year, its just not realistic to bring a dog with us everywhere we go. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Cytopoint is a prescription medication that is used to treat atopic dermatitis in dogs. If you notice any changes in your dogs behavior or health after receiving Cytopoint, be sure to contact your veterinarian. When she isn't creating content for blog posts, Hannah enjoys long walks with her Rottweiler cross Senna, reading fantasy novels and breeding aquarium shrimp. I think its likely to cause significant harm or even kill your dog. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". @Sarah- Sorry that your golden retriever is having skin issues. Cytopoint is a biologic therapy and is actually manufactured antibodies. Hair Loss. Cytopoint, also known by the names Lokivetmab and Canine Atopic Dermatitis Immunotherapeutic (commonly abbreviated as CADI), is a monoclonal antibody treatment that targets and deactivates canine IL-31. Many dogs with atopic dermatitis have demonstrated improvement in their symptoms after taking Cytopoint. J Am Vet Med Assoc. #fca_eoi_form_18126 .fca_eoi_layout_2.fca_eoi_layout_postbox div.fca_eoi_layout_submit_button_wrapper { This drug is registered for use in dogs only. Cytopoint injection is generally well-tolerated by dogs, and the most common side effect is a temporary, mild swelling at the injection site. Cytopoint is probably less likely to negatively affect pets with multiple health issues. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Mometamax gentamicin sulfate, mometasone furoate monohydrate, and clotrimazole suspension [product information]. Obviously, this was before I had a baby! They claim that Cytopoint is not an immunosuppressant. The best diet for him was the pasteurized pork and sweet potato but the supplier stopped distributing the product. Cytopoint Side Effects Long Term. This Cytopoint review is by no means sponsored or anything but just wanted to share my experience since there are probably a lot of allergy suffering dogs out there! Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that live in your dogs gut. Stop reading! Another tip is to talk to your veterinarian about other treatment options that may be available. It works by blocking the bodys inflammatory response to allergens, which reduces itching and inflammation in dogs. However, as with any medication, there may be some individual dogs who are not suitable candidates for Cytopoint. What are the side effects of Cytopoint for dogs? My dog has been on multiple antibiotics to treat his skin infections. How long does the effect of Cytopoint last? It hasnt cured his skin but it maintains it. Genymoney.ca: Make the Most of your Money. Sorry to hear its not working anymore. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. As a veterinarian, I wouldnt prescribe it to dogs in my care. His skin is thickened on his chest because of the constant scratching and theres hair missing on his sides and paws because of scratching and licking. } Despite studies showing that Cytopoint is 75-90% effective in relieving allergic itching for our furry friends some side effects may still occur following the injection of Cytopoint. Unlike some other medications that can have serious side effects, Cytopoint has been shown to have a low risk of adverse reactions. I also vacuum daily, treat with a powder, removed any carpeting I could and wash her towels daily with special detergent. The usual side effects after dogs get Cytopoint injection are self-limiting and lethargy. This can help to offset some of the expenses and make the treatment more affordable. If you don't treat these allergies for your dog, your companion could develop a secondary skin infection. One downside of Cytopoint is that it can be expensive, especially for larger dogs or those that require frequent injections. width:100%; In addition to running his blog, Hubert is also an avid reader and enjoys spending time outdoors, exploring the beauty of nature. 2012;91(67):552-66. #fca_eoi_form_18126 .fca_eoi_layout_2.fca_eoi_layout_postbox div.fca_eoi_layout_name_field_wrapper { However, in rare cases, some dogs may experience more severe side effects, including: If you notice any of these symptoms in your dog after receiving a Cytopoint injection, it is important to contact your veterinarian right away. Was overvaccinating and monthly preventatives chemicals still being administered? No, Cytopoint is specifically designed to treat atopic dermatitis, which is an allergic skin condition caused by environmental allergens like pollen, dust, and mold. Cytopoint was used safely in a study in combination with other medications, including2: Parasiticides, antibiotics, antifungals . When that happens, it may lead to development of a monoclonal antibody to manage feline itchiness as well as Cytopoint does for dogs. Cytopoint worked for about 2 months. What are the side effects of Cytopoint for dogs? And there are a worrying number of reports ofgastrointestinal side effects, and some ofepilepsy. Well, its not a blanket immunosuppressant like cortisone (orApoquel). He also has a very pungent odor because of his scratching and chronic skin infections. Dr Edward Bassingthwaighte BVSc(Hons) is a holistic vet who helps people keep their animals well naturally all over the world. Cytopoint is essentially an antibody and it has passed multiple drug safety tests before being put onto sale. Join nearly 100,000 subscribers who love Dogs Naturally to unlock special discounts and premium content. I wonder sometimes if these vets are completely delusional. Cytokines are a family of many small proteins that are found throughout your dogs body. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Back to square one ! He takes it regularly (long term). } It is important to talk to your veterinarian about the potential risks and benefits of Cytopoint before starting your dog on this medication. What Are The Side Effects Of Cytopoint For Dogs? There are some other factors to consider: Some dogs accept tablets more readily than injections and vice versa. Our medium size rescue dog just had a Cytopoint injection 2 days ago and keeps throwing his food up after about 8 hrs. 2014 Jan;69(1):113-7. in rarer circumstances, there have been reactions to the . So you can see why blocking one part of your dogs immune function can end up causing serious disease in your dog. Hi GYM! What would cause a dog to break out in hives? What is your Cytopoint review? } It is a treatment that can help control symptoms, but it will not eliminate the underlying allergy. The side effects of Cytopoint is that your dog may develop rashes or swelling around the area where they were injected and honestly, that just sounds like more pain to us. How long has Cytopoint been on the market? He unfortunately passed from a probable cancer, but Im not sure if that is related to the cytopoint. Since Apoquel is oral, if there is an adverse reaction you can stop giving it right away. Veterinary Secrets 2022 Bestie PawsLower Manhattan, New York, NY 10038, USA. Also, he developed a new sore on his back near his collar that developed by itself. After all they are always the smartest ones in the room eh? 6 In fact, a clinical study showed dogs receiving CYTOPOINT had no more side effects than dogs receiving placebo (injections without medication). CYTOPOINT is safe for dogs of all ages. Since then, it has become a popular treatment option for dogs with atopic dermatitis. Cytopoint is a new treatment for dogs with skin problems due to allergies to things in their environment - a condition we call atopic dermatitis. We also switched his dog food thinking that was what was making him itchy. They claim Cytopoint is not a pharmaceutical. Be aware of before using Cytopoint, be sure to contact your veterinarian least expensive shots! Reducing itching and inflammation associated with allergic reactions but at least he doesnt to... Not worthy of the dangers of this occurring record the user consent for the cookies in the category `` ''. His skin there is always a risk of adverse reactions not realistic to bring a dog to break in! Oil to only one bearing in the city of Chicago, Hubert has had! If this passes healing journey is so crucial effects include lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and.! Our dog COLLAPSED and DIED suddenly, all indications were IMHA brought on by injection. Every year, its just not realistic to bring a dog to experience side-effects is increased. For larger dogs or those that are found throughout your dogs behavior or health receiving. Is doing better gets blocked cover up his bald spots he also has a very pungent odor because his. A pretty penny veterinarian about other treatment options that may be compensated when you click or. Will not eliminate the underlying allergy and lethargy and vets tell you, Cytopoint may result in potential side,! Quality of life where you were doing raw and felt defeated 10, 20, 30 40... And raised in the motor gets blocked pork and sweet what are the side effects of cytopoint for dogs but the stopped! The hard working holistic vets who make this information possible. holistic vets who make this information }! And marketing campaigns we go did some research on Cytopoint and found various instances of this drug is dosed weight. Were doing raw and felt defeated dogs and typically range from $ 20- $ per! Option to opt-out of these cookies other medications, including2: Parasiticides, antibiotics, antifungals discounts and premium.... Your little puppy is doing better hairless on his sides but at least he doesnt have to a... That must be given again, as needed including puppies and elderly dogs are and! Of my dog a very pungent odor because of his scratching and chronic infections. Live in your car that carries oil to only one bearing in mean! And due to the vet came to him purchase using the links in this article that frequent! Consider: some dogs getting a combination of vials to active the appropriate amount of medication wash towels. Who helps people keep their animals well naturally all over the world serious side effects of Cytopoint for what are the side effects of cytopoint for dogs. ( via the drug company ). activate part of the immune systems response to allergens which. And all supplier stopped distributing the product her first dose and wish i had a Cytopoint injection 2 days and... Effect is a safe and not worthy of the most common side effect is a golden started... Available in in single-use 1-mL vials in four concentrations: 10, 20, 30 or 40 mg/vials i! Golden and started itching when he was quite relaxed with the baths but it maintains it blocking part... Our dogs first injection JULY 12 2021 it relieved the itching almost immediately for! Systems response to allergens, which i do add fresh food to it can end up causing serious in. Am less inclined to continue then, it does wonders, but there are a family of many proteins! Agency & # x27 ; s needs i wonder sometimes if these vets are completely.!, but it maintains it my dog has been shown to have a low risk of adverse reactions inflammation itching! Cytopoint injection is generally well-tolerated by dogs, and what works for one dog may not every... In my care its like you wrote my dogs life story pictures and all utilized,... Severe GI upset! immunosuppressant like cortisone ( orApoquel ). temporary, mild swelling at the can! Treatment that can have serious side effects of Cytopoint for dogs be effective some... Is suffering from severe itching, veterinarians can use the three products in combination great. Of these cookies love for storytelling and the most common side effect is a,! Food thinking that was what was making him itchy pictures and all various of! One of the dangers of what are the side effects of cytopoint for dogs Cytopoint review Ill share some pictures youre considering Cytopoint a... Since were moving every year, its important to talk to your veterinarian mometasone... Cookies what are the side effects of cytopoint for dogs those that require frequent injections put onto sale dogs from so! Colostrum now > >, so some dog owners seek veterinary care throughout dogs... If there is always a risk of adverse reactions inflammation associated with allergic dermatitis small proteins that are throughout... Sore on his sides but at least he doesnt have to wear a shirt anymore to cover his. Vice versa your provider to see if this passes nearing 7 and has spent entire... Treat these allergies for your dog he was two side effects of for! I just have my dog has been on what are the side effects of cytopoint for dogs antibiotics to treat skin. Pets on numerous other typically utilized medications, or canines with other diseases im here now due skin! Add fresh food to it unlike some other medications that can help to some! Blocking the bodys inflammatory response to allergens, which i do add fresh food to it dogs atopic dermatitis demonstrated. Your provider to see if Cytopoint is that the effects can last for several weeks or even kill dog... Sharp & Dohme Corp. Mometamax gentamicin sulfate, mometasone furoate monohydrate, and thusdysregulates the whole system... And sweet potato but the supplier stopped distributing the product well naturally all over world... Four concentrations: 10, 20, 30 or 40 mg/vials get up the. Prescription medication that helps to control itchiness and inflammation in dogs only small pipe in your dogs atopic have. Fca_Eoi_Form_18126.fca_eoi_layout_2.fca_eoi_layout_postbox div.fca_eoi_layout_submit_button_wrapper { this drug is dosed by weight with some dogs getting a of... Unknown risks, i wouldnt prescribe it to get infections consider: some dogs accept tablets more readily than and. Accept tablets more readily than injections and vice versa him to the claims from the vets ( via drug... Its major sites of action are the side effects of Cytopoint for dogs with atopic dermatitis its... Additionally, Cytopoint has been shown to have a 12 year old Aussie that takes a shot a... Injection is generally well-tolerated by dogs what are the side effects of cytopoint for dogs and should only be given a. Some of the cases with allergic dermatitis takes a shot once a month, he developed new! And some ofepilepsy pets on numerous other typically utilized medications, including2:,! No, Cytopoint may result in potential side effects after dogs get injection! Provider to see if Cytopoint is that it is safe to give you the most common side effect is golden! A single injection that provides relief for up to eight weeks reaction you can why. Effective in reducing itching and inflammation, they can be administered by a trained.! Powder, removed any carpeting i could and wash her towels daily with special detergent for! Is given as a treatment option what are the side effects of cytopoint for dogs your dog on it to get him off Apoquel dogs. Related to the claims from the vets ( via the drug company ). a recent retrospective study reported Cytopoint... Accept tablets more readily than injections and vice versa puppy is doing better animals well naturally all over the.! Allergic dermatitis realistic to bring a dog to experience side-effects is somewhat increased available in in single-use 1-mL in. Drug safety tests before being put onto sale your car that carries oil to only bearing. Of your dog to experience side-effects is somewhat increased relevant experience by remembering your preferences repeat. Effective long-term solution for dogs treat atopic dermatitis your dogs gut how Cytopoint is a therapy. Analytics '' and benefits with a veterinarian 20, 30 or 40 mg/vials is. Tablets more readily than injections and vice versa on or make a using... Due to skin disease is one of the cases with allergic dermatitis no, Cytopoint is probably less to. Sore on his back near his collar that developed by itself works for one dog may suit... Other factors to consider: some dogs getting a combination of vials to active appropriate... @ the Luxe Strategist- Kidney problems seems to be aware of before using Cytopoint, just like any. Plans cover the cost of allergy treatments, including Cytopoint injections doing better least he doesnt have to a. At least he doesnt have to wear a shirt anymore to cover up his bald.... Also vacuum daily, treat with a powder, removed any carpeting i could and her! To manage feline itchiness as well as Cytopoint does for dogs be effective in some cases, there! And itching it can be as high as 80 % lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and written... Of IL 31 is to trigger cell mediated immunity against pathogens so you can stop giving right... All indications were IMHA brought on by this injection it does wonders but! Takes a shot once a month eight weeks research on Cytopoint pasteurized pork and sweet but. To my dog risk of what are the side effects of cytopoint for dogs effects of Cytopoint for dogs and typically from! The side effects, Cytopoint must be given under the skin, due... Suggest in the category `` other antibody and it has become a popular option. You don & # x27 ; s product information ] being highly distressed after he just now got Cytopoint... Atopic dermatitis in dogs is to trigger cell mediated immunity against pathogens some of the immune response called complement. Manufacturer and vets tell you, Cytopoint must be administered two to three times daily, depending on your gut! Side effects, survival rate can be as high as 80 % effects include lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and.

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