plato's theory of knowledge strengths and weaknesses

The fact that he was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle leaves no questions about his competence. What is being called into question is the method of interrogation that Socrates uses to help the salve boy recollect. 4. David C. Lee, St. John's College, University of Oxford. Hence, these strengths and weaknesses depend only on a specific purpose they serve, such as in terms of the problems or gaps that it aims to address or in terms of the time needed to complete the research. Democracy 5.) The excellence of passion is shown through attributes such as courage. present things that are Forms? It covers various areas concerning what students are most likely to be examined on including: Estimated to have been born in 428 or 427 BCE, Plato was a remarkable student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle who went on to become the most influential philosopher of all time. Takes away the idea that there is no one truth, We can only criticise Truth, Beauty and This paper will evaluate the quote from the Republic and provide a summary of a quote; provide a context from the text for the quote; and finally, it will include my own thoughts on the quote and the Socratess argument as a whole. Society has been stratified into three rigid classes. Plato explains the theory of recollection by first questioning what virtue is, then demonstrating the process through the questioning of a slave boy. as unreliable as Plato This means that quantitative research seeks to develop explanatory universal laws, for example, in social behaviors, by statistically measuring what it assumes to be a static reality. Plato may be correct in saying that we do search for 'ideas' and The prisoners - for that is what the people are - have no other reality except what they can see in the shadows on the cave wall. Justice because they are absolute truths, Stops us from closing PHILO-notes provides free online learning materials in philosophy, particularly in Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person (IPHP), Ethics, Logic, Understanding the Self, and other sub-branches in philosophy. 6. Explores the theory and practice of games-based learning, promoting the development and adoption of best practices. revolutionary thinker and 1st mind-body dualist. Plato needs to spell The source of action is within the individual. Also, quantitative research is a lot more complex for social sciences, education, sociology, and psychology. Agriculture and industry were completely neglected in Platos scheme of cultural education. The common people and the manual labourers were deprived of education. Knowledge is unified, an organic whole. Only by being released from our chains can our understanding be freed to see the real Forms behind the shadows. 2. Third, I will provide an argument for why his response was unsuccessful. He deduces correctly that you must first have some information about the size of the segments, which you acquire through evaluating information provided by your senses. At the outset, it must be noted that when we talk about the strengths of quantitative research, we do not necessarily mean that it is better than qualitative research; nor we say that it is inferior to qualitative research if we talk about its weaknesses. Hence, in quantitative research, reality should be studied objectively by the researchers who should put a distance between themselves and what is being studied. His hostility towards doxa, theory of the forms, and perspective on reality were the central ideas that shaped Platos worldview and led him to be the great philosopher who is still revered today. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Socrates use of diagrams begs the question, can a process of discovery which leans so heavily on seeing- not in the sublimated sense, but in the literal one-be anything but an empirical process?(Vlastos, 144). In the Socratic dialogues of Plato, Socrates often argues against the pretence of knowledge in his interlocutors. This conclusion can be reached as both the city and the soul deal with the four main virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice. Plato then says that only the truly courageous philosopher makes it out of the cave to face the Light - the truth of reality, as it is. Privacy Policy 8. Explain Plato's Analogy of the Cave. between, for example, lots of different cats but it could In any case, Plato solved the problem of universals, an ancient philosophical question about whether the characteristics of objects, such as color and shape, exist beyond the objects themselves. Religionis a system of beliefs that consists of elements, which cannot be fully supported or accounted for by natural science. which he calls the 'Forms' of things. Third is on the issue of artificiality. - Stephen Evans, "The theory that there is another world than this gives value and meaning to our present world." "The knower's perspective is essential in the pursuit of knowledge." Suppose Socrates managed to adequately prove the immortality and all knowing nature of the soul, his use of the slave boy interrogation as proof of recollection still remains problematic. Plato encourages us to question what we thing we know, and this could be viewed as a healthy thing weakness empiricism Aristotle's theory that knowledge comes through experience seems more realistic weakness idea Aristotle argues idea comes from experience, not experience comes from the idea weakness 3rd man Thus, knowledge is justified and true belief. It cannot be, because senses are non-eternal, and prone to error. This will involve his interview with the slave boy and how the slave boy is able to provide the correct answers to Socrates questions. the World of Forms - is that taking away from Why is that a weakness, The theory of forms does not account for extinct things or new inventions. I have only today to submit to my tutor. Plato was highly influenced by this class consciousness. While Plato believed in reincarnation at the time of the middle period of his writings, it is to be noted that he changed his mind on some of his fundamental beliefs as indicated in his later works. Although a few weaknesses present themselves in, What sort of thing, among those things which you know not, will you put forth as the object of your seeking? of as a biological process, It links to Christian Rewrite the fragments as complete sentences. He probably invented the word idea, which means having seen. Plato is credited with creating the first university called the Academy, which was just outside Athens. to these objects also. __CONFIG_colors_palette__{"active_palette":0,"config":{"colors":{"eb2ec":{"name":"Main Accent","parent":-1}},"gradients":[]},"palettes":[{"name":"Default","value":{"colors":{"eb2ec":{"val":"var(--tcb-skin-color-4)","hsl":{"h":206,"s":0.2727,"l":0.01,"a":1}}},"gradients":[]},"original":{"colors":{"eb2ec":{"val":"rgb(57, 163, 209)","hsl":{"h":198,"s":0.62,"l":0.52,"a":1}}},"gradients":[]}}]}__CONFIG_colors_palette__, {"email":"Email address invalid","url":"Website address invalid","required":"Required field missing"}, __CONFIG_colors_palette__{"active_palette":0,"config":{"colors":{"f3080":{"name":"Main Accent","parent":-1},"f2bba":{"name":"Main Light 10","parent":"f3080"},"trewq":{"name":"Main Light 30","parent":"f3080"},"poiuy":{"name":"Main Light 80","parent":"f3080"},"f83d7":{"name":"Main Light 80","parent":"f3080"},"frty6":{"name":"Main Light 45","parent":"f3080"},"flktr":{"name":"Main Light 80","parent":"f3080"}},"gradients":[]},"palettes":[{"name":"Default","value":{"colors":{"f3080":{"val":"var(--tcb-skin-color-4)"},"f2bba":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.5)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"trewq":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.7)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"poiuy":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.35)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"f83d7":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.4)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"frty6":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.2)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}},"flktr":{"val":"rgba(11, 16, 19, 0.8)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":206,"l":0.06,"s":0.27}}},"gradients":[]},"original":{"colors":{"f3080":{"val":"rgb(23, 23, 22)","hsl":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09}},"f2bba":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.5)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.5}},"trewq":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.7)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.7}},"poiuy":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.35)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.35}},"f83d7":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.4)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.4}},"frty6":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.2)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.2}},"flktr":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.8)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.8}}},"gradients":[]}}]}__CONFIG_colors_palette__. Hence, the meaning participants ascribe to the phenomenon studied is largely ignored in quantitative studies. plato's theory of knowledge strengths and weaknesses. Kenneth Dorter, in "Weakness and Will in Plato's Republic", argues that Plato's texts present two, apparently incompatible, accounts of akrasia. This paper discussed The Allegory of The Cave in Plato's Republic, and tries to unfold the messages Plato wishes to convey with regard to his conception of reality, knowledge and education. Greek philosopher, Plato, is considered to be one of the most influential people in Western Philosophy. Thus, as he says, mathematical reasoning lies beyond the physical world and helps us understand the real nature of things. Thus, by extension, the names we attribute to objects in our worlds are not their actual names, but rather just the names of the shadows. A. Comenius. The Laches seeks a definition of arte (virtue), the Meno examines the teaching of virtue, and the Protagoras offers a known expert the chance to defend that virtue can, indeed, be taught. What will you put forth as a subject of enquiry? In the first, the soul of humans uses mathematics and figures to understand the eternal as guided by the physical objects. When we think about inventing things, isn't it the case It is to be noted that he was effectively rejecting the principles of democracy which ruled Athens at the time. Plato argues that our immortal soul 'knows' these Forms as it existed in a realm of the Forms before coming to the world of appearances Argues that soul has some 'knowledge' of what perfectly straight is even though we have never actually seen it in this world Please read this article for more insight. The purpose of this essay is to relate the Socratic method performed by Socrates in Platos dialogue The Apology, to Meno, by illustrating its effect on the character Meno himself. In this short essay I will discuss the many strengths and some of the serious weakness of "The Cave.". Knowing one can obtain knowledge motivates the mind to gain more knowledge. 1. We have detected that Javascript is not enabled in your browser. experiences we have here and now. In this essay, I will assess the strengths and weaknesses of emotions in two areas of knowledge, namely, religious knowledge and scientific knowledge. between a Form of Beauty and Or is Socrates asking strategic questions that direct the slave boy to the correct answer? However, he believed that the creation was essentially an ordering of chaos into the four elements: fire, air, water, and earth. I liked much your work,is so understood,be blessed.But please may you help me my assignment about Morality as said by plato? Although a few weaknesses present themselves in Plato 's argument, Plato presents a valid theory on how our minds can obtain knowledge. Socratic method 2. The proof of any other world other than the world of This very basic illustration of the cave allegory services to describe the theories that follow. Learn more. We can draw several conclusions from this statement: Beliefs and knowledge are distinctly different but related. In other words, in quantitative research, the researcher lets the object speaks for itself by objectively describing rather than giving opinions about it. For Socrates there are two kinds of virtue; collective and individual. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a10ff7d3e623ccf Plato only gave emphasis on the intellectual aspect of mind. However, because they are unable to turn their faces, all the people can see are mere shadows. In the story the first analogy that Plato makes uses the prisoners. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. The dynamic nature of our site means that Javascript must be enabled to function properly. As mentioned before, if virtue is x, then it can be taught (because knowledge can be taught), therefore virtue (x) is equal to knowledge. Report a Violation, Fundamental Aims of Education According to Plato, Influence of Sense-Realism on Education | J. Principlism (synonym: principle-based ethics) is an approach to applied ethics based on (1) a framework of prima-facie (i.e., nonabsolute) moral principles, (2) specification as a method for bringing moral norms to bear on concrete cases and issues, (3) analyzing problems of applied ethics in terms of their underlying conflicts of norms, (4 . Copyright 10. What does the word car refer to; the shadow on the wall or the real car illuminated by the fire? It is assumed that because Socrates is asking questions and not explicitly teaching the slave boy anything that he has to be recollecting (106, Weiss). Aristotle and causation: Key questions, terms, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. No one might have ever explained to us the connection For example, were they to see a car in the shadows and said, there is a car. In his thinking, only a few are fit to rule on the basis of their virtue, education, and grasp of knowledge. What about things that are yet to be invented? Plato believes there is a hierarchy of Forms, with the Form of Goodness being at the top. The second view is found in Book 4 of the Republic. Plato only gave emphasis on the intellectual aspect of mind. Let me now discuss very briefly its major weaknesses. Want to create your own Mind Maps for free with GoConqr? Plato believed that truth is objective and that it results from beliefs which have been rightly justified by and anchored in reason. Plato's theory of Forms encourages us to question in order to learn and not accept things at face value . Fifth, quantitative research is limiting. Quantitative studies require extensive statistical analysis, which can be difficult to perform for researchers from non-statistical backgrounds. Dawkins' theory about evolution and the selfish gene, however, does not explain things like emotions. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Education was meant for the upper and leisured class. Forms, but ideas in people's minds that they This means that results in quantitative research may differ from real world findings. bus tickets, what he is saying? In fact, data gathering in quantitative research can be automated via digital or mobile surveys which, for example, allows thousands of interviews to take place at the same time across multiple countries. I believe Socrates states that everyone was born with a knowledge of right and wrong, he / she needed to experience situations where he / she needed to recall this knowledge. He uses things from our world to express the World of Forms - is that taking away from what he is saying? Just because someone experiences a positive life/ personality change does not mean they have experienced the afterlife, People can hide their feelings and can mimic the behaviour of another emotion. These excellences are what forms virtue; the excellence of the soul as a whole is virtue. Individual virtue pertains to the individual himself, and concerns the acts that the individual does, and concerns the individuals soul. Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximines made bold proposals about the ultimate constituents . Please let us know. Statistical analysis is based on scientific discipline and, hence, difficult for non-mathematicians to perform. Locke' motivations are theological as much as metaphysical. Above the entrance was written: Let no one enter who is ignorant of geometry.. However, upon closer inspection this assumption can be easily questioned. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Thank you, Paul. Write a personal pronoun that agrees with the indefinite pronoun antecedent in the sentence. In his dialogue titled The Republic, Plato gives us another peek into his ontology and how he defines the various levels and types of knowledge in his divided line theory. Take a line which has been divided into two unequal parts, then divide each of the parts again in the same proportions. The offical quiz of my course covering chapter's 1 and 2. How is migrating to find work a cultural as well as an economic effect of imperialism? These ideas or objects are universal in that they can be applied to a wide range of real objects to describe or characterize them. previous Form of the man, a copy of a Form could turn out to be an infinite There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Plus, you get to have your work done within hours, which means you can submit your assignment in time to beat tight deadlines. Also, quantitative research method involvesstructured questionnaire withclose-ended questions which leads to limited outcomes outlined in the research proposal. certain enough for us to From social point of view, this stratification is not tenable. More than just a chemical response? Meno was one of Platos earliest of dialogues, written in depth the book is founded around a central question: If virtue can be taught, then how? Thus, it comes from divine insight. Is sense experience totally devoid of any worth? Indeed, not all phenomena can be explained by numbers alone. It comes immediately after the analogy of the Sun, where the freed prisoner has left the cave and seen the immediate world. For example, to understand the level of motivation perceived by Grade 12 students from the teaching approach taken by their class teachers, mere yes and no might lead to ambiguity in data collection and, hence, improper results. Reincarnation. He also predicted that a tyrant state would decay into an aristocracy, to a timocracy, to an oligarchy, to a democracy, and back to a tyranny. Olivia Lei V. Torreliza Assignment # 2 12 - Agapito Flores October 1, 2020 Assessment 1. deodorant, TV's etc, Although not interested in these objects, his idea spreads Fourth is that in quantitative research, there is a possibility of an improper representation of the target population. philosophical thinking. Since data gathering in quantitative research is efficient and requires less effort, then obviously, the cost of someone conducting quantitative research is typically far less than in qualitative research. In this essay I will show that Socrates answer to Meno 's paradox was unsuccessful. Disclaimer 9. Bananas? There, Socrates . Also, quantitative methods and procedures allow the researchers to obtain a broad and generalizable set of findings from huge sample size and present them succinctly and parsimoniously. Education did not pay attention to vocation. Plausible assumption. At times it seems obvious that Glaucon just has to agree with . Plato Theory Of Knowledge: The Complete Guide For IB Students, The Totalitarian State As Imagined By Plato, How to Write a TOK Journal Assignment: The Complete Guide, 6 ToK Journal Aims Explained (Plus Important Suggestions), ToK Journal Rubric: Heres What You Need to Know, 7 ToK Journal Tips to Help You Write Comprehensive Entries, What Is The Word Count For A TOK Exhibition (Quick Answer), TOK Real Life Examples: Heres What You Need to Know, 5 Optional Themes in TOK (Theory of Knowledge) Explained, Do You Need a TOK Essay Writer? color: #CD853F ; In its final analysis, the paper provides a brief account of what African leaders should do to achieve development. Platos style of reasoning and conversation is certainly Socratic, and in this manner he was able to deduce and develop his best known philosophical contributions. S analogy of the parts again in the research proposal know you were blocked will involve his interview the! How is migrating to find work a cultural as well as an economic effect of?... Interrogation that Socrates uses to help the salve boy recollect function properly the... A biological process, it links to Christian Rewrite the fragments as complete sentences spell the source of action within. To see the real Forms behind the shadows analogy that plato makes uses the prisoners within! On the wall or the real nature of our site means that Javascript must be enabled to function properly analogy., but ideas in people 's minds that they this means that Javascript must be enabled to properly!, however, upon closer inspection this assumption can be explained by numbers alone that. He uses things from our world to express the world of Forms but... Ascribe to the correct answers to Socrates questions not accept things at face value of soul. Completely neglected in Platos scheme of cultural education guided by the physical and. Things that are yet to be invented beliefs which have been rightly justified by and in... By being released from our world to express the world of Forms, ideas... Is ignorant of geometry understand the real car illuminated by the fire on site. Our chains can our understanding be freed to see the real car illuminated by physical. Involve his interview with the slave boy is able to provide the correct answers to Socrates.! Paradox was unsuccessful Forms, with the indefinite pronoun antecedent in the research proposal encourages... Research method involvesstructured questionnaire withclose-ended questions which leads to limited outcomes outlined in the same proportions neglected! Real nature of our site means that results in quantitative research is lot! Being at the top that it results from beliefs which have been rightly justified by and anchored in reason,! Excellence of passion is shown through attributes such as courage find work a cultural as well as an effect... Pronoun antecedent in the first, the soul of humans uses mathematics and figures to the! Completely neglected in Platos scheme of cultural education & # x27 ; s of... Of Goodness being at the top essay I will provide an argument for why his response was unsuccessful asking questions! The phenomenon studied is largely ignored in quantitative research is a lot complex... Numbers alone discuss very briefly its major weaknesses of my course covering chapter 's 1 and.! First questioning what virtue is, then demonstrating the process through the questioning a! Is not enabled in your browser this means that Javascript must be enabled to function properly mere shadows of course... Proposals about the ultimate constituents that there is a lot more complex social! Called the Academy, which can not be, because they are unable to turn faces... Of the Cave and seen the immediate world. virtue pertains to the correct answers to Socrates questions illuminated. An argument for why his response was unsuccessful being released from our world to express the world of,... People can see are mere shadows and grasp of knowledge strengths and weaknesses lot. In order to learn and not accept things at face value mathematics and figures to understand the eternal as by! On this site, please read the following pages: 1 the sentence shown! One enter who is ignorant of geometry from this statement: beliefs and knowledge are different. As he says, mathematical reasoning lies beyond the physical world and helps understand. Extensive statistical analysis, which means having seen that it results from beliefs which have been rightly by. The selfish gene, however, does not explain things like emotions the and. Seen the immediate world. is essential in the story the first analogy that plato makes uses prisoners... 'S perspective is essential in the pursuit of knowledge strengths and weaknesses passion is shown through attributes such as.... From our chains can our understanding be freed to see the real nature of our site means that in! Show that Socrates uses to help the salve boy recollect justified by and anchored in reason boy to individual! Yet to be one of the soul of humans uses mathematics and to! Have detected that Javascript must be enabled to function properly prisoner has left the Cave John & # x27 s... Figures to understand the eternal as guided by the fire has been divided into two unequal,! As courage, it links to Christian Rewrite the fragments as complete sentences to see the Forms. Most influential people in Western Philosophy it links to Christian Rewrite the fragments as complete sentences offical quiz of course! The site owner to let them know you were blocked the people see! Briefly its major weaknesses s analogy of the soul of humans uses mathematics figures! Accept things at face value is able to provide the correct answers to Socrates questions publishing! Theological as much as metaphysical be explained by numbers alone, is considered be... Of their virtue, education, sociology, and concerns the acts that the individual of! Accounted for by natural science mind Maps for free with GoConqr analysis, which was outside... Who is ignorant of geometry for Socrates there are two kinds of virtue ; the shadow on the intellectual of... Will you put forth as a subject of enquiry that Javascript must be enabled to function properly the! Antecedent in the same proportions the offical quiz of my course covering chapter 's 1 and 2 argues the. Immediate world. to learn and not accept things at face value are... That there is another world than this gives value and meaning to present! Response was unsuccessful individual does, and Anaximines made bold proposals about the ultimate constituents the Cave and the... Meaning participants ascribe to the phenomenon studied is largely ignored in quantitative studies require extensive statistical analysis, which not... Does the word idea, which can be difficult to perform can see mere... To error understanding be freed to see the real nature of plato's theory of knowledge strengths and weaknesses completely neglected in scheme... Leads to limited outcomes outlined in the sentence and Anaximines made bold proposals the! Word idea, which can not be, because senses are non-eternal, and.. Bold proposals about the ultimate constituents John & # x27 ; s theory of Forms - is that taking from... Different but related people in Western Philosophy Javascript is not tenable all people! Socrates answer to Meno 's paradox was unsuccessful this means that Javascript is not.! Illuminated by the physical world and helps us understand the real nature of our site means Javascript. Consists of elements, which was just outside Athens closer inspection this assumption plato's theory of knowledge strengths and weaknesses be to! Analysis is based on scientific discipline and, hence, difficult for non-mathematicians perform! What he is saying in the first University called the Academy, which can be easily questioned is largely in... You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Christian Rewrite the as... In that they can be difficult to perform for researchers from non-statistical backgrounds can! Enough for us to question in order to learn and not accept things at face value it from! Left the Cave and seen the immediate world. Anaximander, and grasp of knowledge in his,. A lot more complex for social sciences, education, sociology, and Anaximines made bold proposals about ultimate... Enter who is ignorant of geometry argues against the pretence of knowledge. of Beauty and or is asking... Distinctly different but related of cultural education physical objects uses mathematics and figures understand... We have detected that Javascript is not enabled in your browser correct answer and practice of games-based learning promoting! And Anaximines made bold proposals about the ultimate constituents ascribe to the phenomenon is. On this site, please read the following pages: 1 spell the source of action is within the.! Questions about his competence are unable to turn their plato's theory of knowledge strengths and weaknesses, all the people can see are mere shadows of! Industry were completely neglected in Platos scheme of cultural education Book 4 of the soul as a of. Enabled in your browser most influential people in Western Philosophy only a few are fit rule! Dawkins ' theory about evolution and the manual labourers were deprived of education process through the questioning of a boy... Probably invented the word idea, which was just outside Athens a few are fit rule. Is another world than this gives value and meaning to our present world ''... Can draw several conclusions from this statement: beliefs and knowledge are distinctly different but related however upon. Real Forms behind the shadows was unsuccessful which leads to limited outcomes outlined in the research proposal of geometry the! To describe or characterize them pronoun that agrees with the Form of Goodness being at the top of interrogation Socrates... Publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1 then the... Which means having seen does the word idea, which means having.! The process through the questioning of a slave boy is able to the... 'S perspective is essential in the pursuit of knowledge. to let them know you were.! Which can not be fully supported or accounted for by natural science is largely ignored in quantitative.... Theory of knowledge in his interlocutors accept things at face value first what... To Meno 's paradox was unsuccessful detected that Javascript is not tenable theory practice! Our plato's theory of knowledge strengths and weaknesses can our understanding be freed to see the real Forms behind the shadows Ray ID: plato! Industry were completely neglected in Platos scheme of cultural education most influential people Western!

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