japanese invasion of dutch new guinea

Once Manila and its environs had been captured, CIC search and seizure teams located and took custody of large quantities of Japanese documents. Bypassing the Japanese base at Halmahera, south of Morotai, the XI Corps quickly established a defensive perimeter behind which airfields were constructed to provide air support for further advances. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. When the Japanese invaded New Guinea in early 1942, they began a struggle for control of the island which would last until the end of the Second World War. [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. 17 with Allied and Japanese Operations Among Natives of Dutch New Guinea; No. Gen. Frank D. Merrill, captured 2 tons of documents at Myitkyina, Burma. Between November 1943 and March 1944 18 Squadron was ordered to prevent Japanese reinforcements reaching the north-east part of Papua and New Guinea. After July 1944, however, documents, including published translations, were prepared under the imprint of CINCPAC-CINCPOA, and the title JICPOA was used only for administrative purposes. [22] The cost to the Allied fighters was high. [64][66] Both Humboldt and Tanahmerah were developed with naval base, ammunition, repair and fuel facilities. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. 1944 battle between American and Japanese forces during World War II, "Securing New Guinea: The U.S. Navy in Operations Reckless and Persecution: 2122 April 1944", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hollandia&oldid=1132691020, South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan, Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States, Amphibious operations involving the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 02:36. This information and the examination of shattered emplacements by engineers enabled marine and navy experts to construct in Hawaii exact copies of the Japanese pillboxes on Tarawa and then find the best way to destroy them. Consequently, Japanese efforts to develop the area were delayed throughout 1943 and 1944. 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. [41] Through the afternoon of 1 March, the overcast weather held at which point everything began to go wrong for the Japanese. [18] A large number of Japanese aircraft were stationed at airfields near Hollandia in March 1944. It stated also that the land offensive was scheduled to commence some time in the middle of November. [27], The ground forces would be supported by two naval bombardment forces. The town itself was on the shore of Humboldt Bay, with a first-class anchorage. It was captured and was found to be carrying a Japanese message. The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. Publication No. Engineers operating amphtracks pushed forward from Jautefa Bay to the lake to carry the infantry around the Japanese positions at the lake, completing their flanking maneuver on 25 April. After taking evasive routes to the west of the Admiralty Islands to avoid air attack,[42] the convoy turned back towards their objective late in the afternoon. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. Joseph J. Rochefort (of the Battle of Midway code-breaking fame). By the end of the day on 23 April the 186th Infantry were about halfway to Lake Sentani, while those from the 162nd had secured Hollandia and were securing the high ground around their objective, winkling out isolated pockets of resistance with aerial support. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. Miscellaneous identifications taken from documents captured in early November in the Pinamopoan Area, Leyte, gave the first indication of the Japanese 1st Divisions presence in this area. The story of the capture and return of the Z documents is detailed in Appendix II. The whole northern coast of the island was now in Allied hands and airfields from which bombers could strike the southern Philippines were soon in operation. Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Navys campaign in the central Pacific. Philippine Series Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the Philippine Islands. During the first week of March 1945, I Corps ATIS Advanced Echelon on Luzon translated four top secret Japanese operational orders made between February 26th-March 2nd. The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. Opposing these forces were the Australian 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th Battalions along with Lieutenant Colonel Norman Fleay's Kanga Force. 2 in May 1943. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. JICPOA personnel also served, beginning in January 1945, at the Advance Intelligence Center (AIC), established at the CINCPAC Advance Headquarters at Guam. [37], The Allies conducted a deception operation to ensure that the Japanese continued to believe that they would land at Hansa Bay rather than Hollandia. This translation aided materially in speeding up the execution of the subsequent attack on Saipan and other Japanese bases in the Pacific, which occurred shortly thereafter. [18], "[T]he Owen Stanley Range is a jagged, precipitous obstacle covered with tropical rainforest up to the pass at 6500-foot elevation, and with moss like a thick wet sponge up to the highest peaks, 13,000 feet above the sea. On November 5th, a map was captured in the Capoocan Area, Leyte, which presumable showed proposed operations, and was possibly connected with the Grand Offensive of mid-November. [14] MacArthur would have liked to deny this area to the Japanese, but he had neither sufficient air nor naval forces to undertake a counterlanding. This document was used as a measuring standard for Japanese military activities on Luzon. Full translations of captured enemy publications such as field manuals, technical manuals, and intelligence reports, were published as Enemy Publications. On October 22, 1944, X Corps captured four sketches, one of gun positions north of Dulag, Leyte, and three of San Roque, Catmon Hill Area, Leyte, containing gun and coastal defense positions. They totaled 104 in number. Neither Kitazono nor Endo had been able to prepare a comprehensive defensive plan, and in any event had neither the men nor the resources to carry it out. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. The other landing would be made at Humboldt Bay by two RCTs (the 162nd and 186th) of the 41st Division. Lieut. Others included information about the Psychology in the Japanese Armed Forces (No. When the first thirty-five prisoners of war arrived in June 1942, after the Battle of Midway, Japanese interrogators had to be borrowed from other activities. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. Twelve of these were scheduled to be produced, beginning in March 1943. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. 72 (formerly ATIS Information Bulletin No. At 177 planes, this was the largest Japanese air attack since Pearl Harbor. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. In addition, about 5,400 survivors of the Japanese defeat at Buna-Gona were moved into the Lae-Salamaua area. This document was immediately translated and subsequently provided new bombing targets for the B-29s over Japan and during the early occupation provided a means of quickly locating and seizing armaments. [27] As the Japanese ground forces pressed toward Port Moresby, the Allied Air Forces struck supply points along the Kokoda Track. They were carrying Admiral Mineichi Koga, commander in chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy, and his staff, including Vice Admiral Shegeru Fukudome, who was carrying the Z plan documents and the associated cipher system. As this would lead to gap in air cover between the departure of the carriers and airfields at Hollandia becoming operational, it was decided to make another landing at Aitape which had an airfield that it was believed could be rapidly brought into service; this was later designated Operation Persecution. Three weeks later, on March 21, 1944, a captured field order disclosed the Japanese strength at Rossum, New Britain. Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. In early April 1943, a Japanese map was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New Guinea. Edwards also spoke with Graves Registration units about the importance of acquiring from the bodies of enemy soldiers everything with Japanese writing. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. [38], In response to a request from the head of the US Navy, Admiral Ernest King, the Eastern Fleet conducted a raid on Japanese positions on the island of Sabang in the Indian Ocean ahead of the landings at Hollandia and Aitape. The documents were then sent on to ATIS, SWPA, for final examination. Their scheme of conquest envisaged control of the Aleutians, Midway, Fiji and Samoa, New Britain, eastern New Guinea, points in the [2] [13] See Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942.. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. 87 (Japanese Mines and Minesweeping); and, Nos. Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 09:02. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. [citation needed], Three factors conspired to create disaster for the Japanese. This material was translated by ATIS in May 1945 and provided Allied naval commanders with immediate intelligence regarding a variety of topics. The Japanese had already captured Rabaul, the capital of the Australian-controlled territory of New Guinea, on 23 January 1942, and early in February Australian and Dutch forces surrendered the island of Ambon in the Netherlands East Indies (modern Indonesia). Late in the summer, Lieut. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. target: "#hbspt-form-1677759698000-1549361125", [5] During the Guadalcanal campaign a large quantity of documents were captured, including ones retrieved from the Japanese submarine I-1, just offshore.[6]. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. [4] Within six months, the school had shipped its first 35 graduates to the field, just in time for Guadalcanal and the Buna-Gona campaign. 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for My dad's whole collection of old stamps UNTEA Dutch Nw Guinea [ay08] at the best online prices at eBay! However, this is contradictory to the total number of Japanese combat deaths calculated across most individual battles in the campaign. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. In January 1944, during the New Britain-New Guinea operations, captured Japanese code books enabled radio intelligence staff to determine the intentions of Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi, commander of the Japanese 18th Army. The work contains a complete study on the collection, translation, and processing of captured documents. One of the difficulties encountered by the ATIS in translating Japanese documents was the condition in which they were often received. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. Instructions were issued to the assaulting forces personnel not to pocket captured documents as souvenirs but to turn them over to JICPOA personnel.[10]. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. 67 (Japanese Warships and Merchant Vessels Sunk, Damaged or not Previously Listed); No. This information resulted in the Americans speeding up their invasion convoy by a day. SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. Many were translations from the Dutch language, or dealt with forestry, the climate, insects, etc. Their operation plan decreed a five-pronged attack: one task force to establish a seaplane base at Tulagi in the lower Solomons, one to establish a seaplane base in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of New Guinea, one of transports to land troops near Port Moresby, one with a light carrier to cover the landing, and one with two fleet carriers to sink the Allied forces sent in response. 117, Infringement of the Laws of War and Ethics by the Japanese Medical Corps, contains information on violations of the Geneva Convention on the rules of warfare and points out how, time and again, medical personnel put to death their own patients. MacArthur's rollback began with the 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Battle of Buna-Gona. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. The ATIS Information Section supplied information derived from interrogations; translations; and, situation reports, intelligence summaries, maps, photos, and other outside publications. It was not just ATIS that was engaged in captured Japanese records operations. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger, previously commander of the U.S. Documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Pearl Harbor attack. [40], About 6,900 troops aboard eight transports, escorted by eight destroyers, departed Rabaul at midnight 28 February under the command of Rear Admiral Masatomi Kimura. [48][55], According to historian Stanley Kirby, the collapse of Japanese resistance was due to a lack of preparedness, changes in the command structure and a lack of combat troops; many of the 11,000 men based there were administrative and support units. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison summed up the results this way: the enemy had shot his bolt; he never showed up again in these waters. A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translation. [15], The port and airfields were the base for units of the Japanese 2nd Army (General Fusatar Teshima) and the 6th Air Division of the 4th Air Army. [52], Seven LSTs and the Australian transport Westralia were unloaded over the shore at White 1, landing 4,200 tonnes of combat supplies and over 300 vehicles on the first day. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. [9] Few combat units were stationed at Hollandia in early 1944. On November 4th, a Japanese 16th Division Operations Order, dated October 31st, was captured. [56] Historian Edward J. Drea attributed the success of the operation largely to MacArthur's bold decision to exploit intelligence gained through code breaking, and judged it was "MacArthur's finest hour in World War II and ULTRA's single greatest contribution to the general's Pacific strategy". 73] provided the plans for the Japanese Navys operations in the Marianas and the Philippines. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. [18]. 4, Bibliographic Index used for all ATIS publications; No. Horikoshi was in the Philippine Islands from May 1942 to August 1943, and the diary contained a good coverage of that period, depicting atrocities, conditions in Allied prisoner-of-war camps, and conditions in the Philippine Islands in general. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. The Battle for Milne Bay was a small one as World War II engagements went, but very important. Although the quantity of documents captured in South East Asia and China were not as voluminous as those found elsewhere, nevertheless there were major collections captured. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. He was succeeded in September 1942, by Capt. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. American infantry march out of camp to board their transports for the amphibious invasion of Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 16 April 1944. This resulted in considerable fatigue for the air crews. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. Ultimately, a major air and staging base was developed in the Hollandia area and most of the higher headquarters in the Southwest Pacific area established their command posts there during the summer of 1944. It was a new kind of combined operations warfare in which the Allies consistently outclassed their Japanese opponents. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This information was transferred to a G-2 overlay and became a factor in the tactics adopted in that particular operation. Simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. Gen. Robert C. Richardson became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, in which capacity he remained subordinate to Nimitzs operational control. Beleaguered, the survivors of the Japanese garrison were evacuated by submarine on the night of 26 October. [13] Eventually it would grow to over 2,500 personnel, some of who served with Advanced Echelons and combat units. The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere. Copies of the documents were made in Brisbane and the original documents were returned to the aircraft crash site by another submarine. The following month at least 20 fighters were lost in combat, while eight were destroyed in July. The diary covered the period January 1942-January 1944. [4] See The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,. Joining JICPOA once it became an inter-service organization were some 50 US Army Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Nisei linguists. The convoy split around 80 miles (130km) offshore, with the Eastern Attack Group, consisting of troops assigned to Operation Persecution turning away for Aitape. Red 1 was found to be better, allowing LVTs and LCMs to come ashore with their infantry charges, but the approaches had to be cleared by engineers to allow the passage of the larger LCMs and even after this had been completed. This deception effort proved successful. [60] A total of 7,200 Japanese troops assembled at Genjem and then attempted to withdraw overland to Sarmi; only around 1,000 reached their destination. In addition, their bomb bays were filled with 500-pound bombs to be used in the newly devised practice of skip bombing. [13] Because aircraft carriers had not been previously used to support Allied amphibious landings in the South-West Pacific, in early 1944 the Japanese leadership judged that Hollandia was safe from a direct attack as it was beyond the range of the available Allied fighter aircraft. [33], Operation Lilliput (18 December 1942 June 1943) was an ongoing resupply operation ferrying troops and supplies from Milne Bay, at the tip of the Papuan Peninsula, to Oro Bay, a little more than halfway between Milne Bay and the BunaGona area. Nimitz offered to assign eight small escort carriers to support the landing at Aitape, with these vessels then proceeding to support operations at Hollandia until 11 May. The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. These documents, contrary to American intelligence, indicated that the Japanese were strongly entrenched on Parry and Eniwetok islands. Located and took custody of large quantities of Japanese documents of topics to the number. 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