rsa digital signature calculator

For a small exponent ($ e = 3 $) and a short message $ m $ (less than $ n^{1/e} $) then the encrypted message $ c = m^e $ is less than $ n $, so the calculation of the modulo has no effect and it is possible to find the message $ m $ by calculating $ c^(1/e) $ ($ e $-th root). public key), you can determine the private key, thus breaking the encryption. Otherwise, the function would be calculated differently. Public Key Cryptography Beginners Guide, Exploring Cryptography - The Paramount Cipher Algorithm, The Complete Know-How on the MD5 Algorithm, Free eBook: The Marketer's Guide To Cracking Twitter, A* Algorithm : An Introduction To The Powerful Search Algorithm, What Is Dijkstras Algorithm and Implementing the Algorithm through a Complex Example. RSA Express Encryption/Decryption Calculator This worksheet is provided for message encryption/decryption with the RSA Public Key scheme. Click button to check correctness: If your choices of e and d are acceptable, you should see the messages, Step 1. technique that uses two different keys as public and private keys to perform the First, a new instance of the RSA class is created to generate a public/private key pair. In this article, we will skip over the encryption aspect, but you can find out more about it in our comprehensive article that covers what RSA is and how it works. If I encrypt a single byte with a 1024 bits key, my understanding is that the signature will be 1024 bits long. The maximum value is, A ciphertext number is too big. Currently always. This is an implementation of RSA ("textbook RSA") purely for educational purposes. RSA (cryptosystem) on Wikipedia. The prerequisit here is that p and q are different. As a starting point for RSA choose two primes p and q. Any private or public key value that you enter or we generate is not stored on Thank you! 0x, 0o, or 0b respectively. The sender uses the public key of the recipient for encryption; the recipient uses his associated private key to decrypt. Common choices are 3, 17, and 65537 (these are Fermat primes). That problem is solved using Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC), which uses a secret key to calculate the hash. Method 5: Wiener's attack for private keys $ d $ too small. Calculate p = n / q A small-ish n (perhaps 50-100 decimal digits) can be factored. We can distribute our public keys, but for security reasons we should keep our private keys to ourselves. The process for the above image is as follows: This eliminates the need to exchange any secret key between sender and receiver, thereby reducing the window of exploitation. that are relatively prime to N Faster Encryption: The encryption process is faster than that of the DSA algorithm. example For encryption and decryption, enter the plain text and supply the key. M in the table on the left, then click the Encrypt button. This page uses the library BigInteger.js to work with big numbers. The RSA algorithm has been a reliable source of security since the early days of computing, and it keeps solidifying itself as a definitive weapon in the line of cybersecurity. For such a calculation the final result is the remainder of the "normal" result divided by the modulus. It is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm.Asymmetric means that there are two different keys.This is also called public key cryptography, because one of the keys can be given to anyone.The other key must be kept private. This is defined as. Either you can use the public/private The algorithm capitalizes on the fact that there is no efficient way to factor very large (100-200 digit) numbers, There are two diffrent RSA signature schemes specified in the PKCS1, PSS has a security proof and is more robust in theory than PKCSV1_5, Recommended For for compatibility with existing applications, Recommended for eventual adoption in new applications, Mask generation function (MGF). Signing and Verifying The RSA signature on the message digest . Acquiring a CSP using CryptAcquireContext. This process combines RSA algorithm and digital signature algorithm, so that the message sent is not only encrypted, but also with digital signature, which can greatly increase its security. Digital Signature Calculator Examples. to 16 digits correctly. The keys are generated using the following steps:- Two prime numbers are selected as p and q n = pq which is the modulus of both the keys. By calculating the GCD of 2 keys, if the value found is different from 1, then the GCD is a first factor of $ n $ (therefore $ p $ or $ q $), by dividing $ n $ by the gcd is the second factor ($ p $ or $ q $). To encrypt a message, enter BigInts. Free Webinar | 6 March, Monday | 9 PM IST, PCP In Ethical Hacking And Penetration Testing, Advanced Executive Program In Cyber Security, Advanced Certificate Program in Data Science, Cloud Architect Certification Training Course, DevOps Engineer Certification Training Course, ITIL 4 Foundation Certification Training Course, AWS Solutions Architect Certification Training Course, Step 1: Alice uses Bobs public key to encrypt the message, Step 2: The encrypted message is sent to Bob, Step 3: Bob uses his private key to decrypt the message. This is the default. How is a certificate encoded? This means that for a "n bit key", the resulting signature will be exactly n bits long. As a result, you can calculate arbitrarily large numbers in JavaScript, even those that are actually used in RSA applications. Expressed in formulas, the following must apply: In this case, the mod expression means equality with regard to a residual class. dCode is free and its tools are a valuable help in games, maths, geocaching, puzzles and problems to solve every day!A suggestion ? Step 4: Once decrypted, it passes the message through the same hash function (H#) to generate the hash digest again. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. So now that you know how it's supposed to function, look at the RSA algorithm, which is the topic for today. *Lifetime access to high-quality, self-paced e-learning content. If the moduli were not coprime, then one or more could be factored. Step-4 :When B receives the Original Message(M) and the Digital Signature(DS) from A, it first uses the same message-digest algorithm as was used by A and calculates its own Message Digest (MD2) for M. Receiver calculates its own message digest. RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) is an algorithm used by modern computers to encrypt and decrypt messages. For demonstration we start with small primes. Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. button. Although the computed signature value is not necessarily n bits, the result will be padded to match exactly n bits. The copy-paste of the page "RSA Cipher" or any of its results, is allowed as long as you cite dCode! A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for presenting the authenticity of digital messages . RSA encryption is purely mathematical, any message must first be encoded by integers (any encoding works: ASCII, Unicode, or even A1Z26). So far, however, there is no known quantum computer, which has just an approximately large computing capacity. without the private key. Except explicit open source licence (indicated Creative Commons / free), the "RSA Cipher" algorithm, the applet or snippet (converter, solver, encryption / decryption, encoding / decoding, ciphering / deciphering, translator), or the "RSA Cipher" functions (calculate, convert, solve, decrypt / encrypt, decipher / cipher, decode / encode, translate) written in any informatic language (Python, Java, PHP, C#, Javascript, Matlab, etc.) assuming the message is not padded). SHA256 algorithm generates an almost-unique, fixed size 256-bit (32-byte) hash. This algorithm is used by many companies to encrypt and decrypt messages. valid modulus N below. In practice, this decomposition is only possible for small values, i.e. modern padding schemes mitigate it. Choose two distinct prime numbers p and q. and all data download, script, or API access for "RSA Cipher" are not public, same for offline use on PC, mobile, tablet, iPhone or Android app! You can encrypt one or more integers as long as they are not bigger than the modulus. Hence, Enter plaintext message M to encrypt such that M < N ( C = M d (mod n) ), This module is only for data encryption for authenticity. The security of RSA is based on the fact that it is not possible at present to factorize the product of two large primes in a reasonable time. RSA :It is the most popular asymmetric cryptographic algorithm. RSA Digital signatures work by using somebody's secret 1. The parameters are encrypted using HMAC as a key-derivation function. and an oracle that will decrypt anything except for the given ciphertext. Encrypt Decrypt. Calculate n=p*q Select public key e such that it is not a factor of (p-1)* (q-1) Select private key d such that the following equation is true (d*e)mod (p-1) (q-1)=1 or d is inverse of E in modulo (p-1)* (q-1) RSA Digital Signature Scheme: In RSA, d is private; e and n are public. Introduced at the time when the era of electronic email was expected to soon arise, RSA implemented This sums up this lesson on the RSA Algorithm. This is a little tool I wrote a little while ago during a course that explained how RSA works. Value of the cipher message (Integer) C= Public Key E (Usually E=65537) E= Public Key value (Integer) N= Private Key value (Integer) D= Factor 1 (prime number) P= With this, you have understood the importance of asymmetric cryptography, the functionality of digital signatures, the workflow in RSA, the steps involved in the signature verification, and the perks it offers over other standards. + - Bundle both plaintext and digest. That . encoded. Signature Verification: To create the digest h, you utilize the same hash function (H#). "e and r are relatively prime", and "d and r are relatively prime" the letters R,S,A). The public key consists of the modulus n and an exponent e. This e may even be pre-selected and the same for all participants. Calculate phi(n) = (p-1)*(q-1) Choose a value of e such that 1<e<phi(n) and gcd(phi(n), e) = 1. . The numbers $ e = 101 $ and $ \phi(n) $ are prime between them and $ d = 767597 $. The RSA algorithm is a public-key signature algorithm developed by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. The values of N, With RSA, you can encrypt sensitive information with a If the plaintext(m) value is 10, you can encrypt it using the formula me mod n = 82. Therefore, the digital signature can be decrypted using As public key (due to asymmetric form of RSA). Asymmetric encryption is mostly used when there are 2 different endpoints are RSA Signing data with a 128 byte key but getting a 256 byte signature. Sign the original XML document using both Private and Public key by Java API and generate another document which has XML digital signature. Step 1. Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman described the algorithm in 1977 and then patented it in 1983. dCode retains ownership of the "RSA Cipher" source code. PKCS#1 for valid options. A website . Hope this tutorial helped in familiarising you with how the RSA algorithm is used in todays industry. However, neither of the two primes may be too small to avoid an early hit via a brute-force attack with all primes. Can non-Muslims ride the Haramain high-speed train in Saudi Arabia? The message is fully digital and is normally accompanied by at least one key (also digital). RSA, Attacks Factoring the public modulus n. The public modulus n is equal to a prime number p times a prime number q.If you know p and q (and e from the public key), you can determine the private key, thus breaking the encryption. suppose that e=3 and M = m^3. Step 1: M denotes the original message It is first passed into a hash function denoted by H# to scramble the data before transmission. Now he/she will calculate a new message digest over the altered message. Solve Now. In addition, the course is packed with industry-leading modules that will ensure you have a thorough understanding of all you need to learn before entering the cybersecurity job market. Any hash method is allowed. Certificate Signature Algorithm: Contains the signature algorithm identifier used by the issuer to sign the certificate. Using identical $ p $ and $ q $ is a very bad idea, because the factorization becomes trivial $ n = p^2 $, but in this particular case, note that $ phi $ is calculated $ phi = p(p-1) $. A 256-bit ECDSA signature has the same security strength like 3072-bit RSA signature. The acronym "RSA" comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. The second fact implies that messages larger than n would either have to be signed by breaking m in several chunks <= n, but this is not done in practice since it would be way too slow (modular exponentiation is computationally expensive), so we need another way to "compress" our messages to be smaller than n. For this purpose we use cryptographically secure hash functions such as SHA-1 that you mentioned. To confirm that the message has not been tampered with, digital signatures are made by encrypting a message hash with the . Method 1: Prime numbers factorization of $ n $ to find $ p $ and $ q $. calculator. RSA is a slower . # Calculate SHA1 hash value # In MAC OS use . This tool provides flexibility for RSA encrypt with public key as well as private key A small-ish n (perhaps 50-100 decimal digits) can be factored. By default, the private key is generated in PKCS#8 format and the public key is generated in X.509 format. Signed-data Conventions digestAlgorithms SHOULD contain the one-way hash function used to compute the message digest on the eContent value. Attacks on RSA Signature :There are some attacks that can be attempted by attackers on RSA digital signatures. Do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT? Signature signature = Signature.getInstance ( "SHA256withRSA" ); Next, we initialize the Signature object for verification by calling the initVerify method, which takes a public key: signature.initVerify (publicKey); Then, we need to add the received message bytes to the signature object by invoking the update method: Please mention your queries in the comment section of this tutorial and, wed be happy to have our experts answer them for you. It isn't generally used to encrypt entire messages or files, because it is less efficient and more resource-heavy than symmetric-key encryption. - Now here is how this works: The RSA algorithm is based on modular exponentiation. The course wasn't just theoretical, but we also needed to decrypt simple RSA messages. DSA Private Key is used for generating Signature file DSA public Key is used for Verifying the Signature. In Asymmetric Encryption algorithms, you use two different keys, one for encryption and the other for decryption. You can now look at the factors that make the RSA algorithm stand out versus its competitors in the advantages section. This implies that every integer divides 0, but it also implies that congruence can be expanded to negative numbers (won't go into details here, it's not important for RSA). The number found is an integer representing the decimal value of the plaintext content. To ensure confidentiality, the plaintext should be Step 4. (D * E) mod (A - 1) * (B - 1) = 1. It ensures that the message is sent by the intended user without any tampering by any third party (attacker). Write to dCode! There are no definite prerequisites for this course, and it is appropriate for professionals of various ages and backgrounds. Select 2 distinct prime numbers $ p $ and $ q $ (the larger they are and the stronger the encryption will be), Calculate the indicator of Euler $ \phi(n) = (p-1)(q-1) $, Select an integer $ e \in \mathbb{N} $, prime with $ \phi(n) $ such that $ e < \phi(n) $, Calculate the modular inverse $ d \in \mathbb{N} $, ie. Encryption/Decryption Function: The steps that need to be run when scrambling and recovering the data. In RSA, the public key is a large number that is a product of two primes, plus a smaller number. The private key is used to encrypt the signature, and the public key is used to decrypt it. In simple words, digital signatures are used to verify the authenticity of the message sent electronically. As there are an infinite amount of numbers that are congruent given a modulus, we speak of this as the congruence classes and usually pick one representative (the smallest congruent integer > 0) for our calculations, just as we intuitively do when talking about the "remainder" of a calculation. when dealing with large numbers. Keeping the image above in mind, go ahead and see how the entire process works, starting from creating the key pair, to encrypting and decrypting the information. However, when dealing with digital signatures, its the opposite. When signing, the RSA algorithm generates a single value, and that value is used directly as the signature value. That's it for key generation! No provisions are made for high precision arithmetic, nor have the algorithms been encoded for efficiency when dealing with large numbers. needed; this calculator is meant for that case. dealing With the newest hardware (CPU and GPU) improvements it is become possible to decrypt SHA256 . RSA uses a public key to encrypt messages and decryption is performed using a corresponding private key. Bob calculates M1=Se mod n accepts the data given by Alice if M1=M. S=Md mod n is Alice's digital signature, she delivers Message M and Signature S to Bob. are RSA encryption, in full Rivest-Shamir-Adleman encryption, type of public-key cryptography widely used for data encryption of e-mail and other digital transactions over the Internet. In order to create an XML digital signature, follow the following steps. at the end of this box. Binary (2) Find the cube root of M to recover the original message. It also proves that the original message did not tamper because when the receiver B tried to find its own message digest MD2, it matched with that of As MD1. Calculator for help in selecting appropriate values of N, e, Python has The RSA decryption function is c = m^e (mod n), so This attack applies primarily to textbook RSA where there is no padding; Its value must match the Signature Algorithm field contained within the Certificate fields. RSA can also encrypt and decrypt general information to securely exchange data along with handling digital signature verification. Output RSA ALGORITHM In cryptography, RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography. If you have two products each consisting of two primes and you know that one of the primes used is the same, then this shared prime can be determined quickly with the Euclidean algorithm. If you want hex, octal, or binary input, prefix with This value has become a standard, it is not recommended to change it in the context of secure exchanges. It is x = y (mod z) if and only if there is an integer a with x y = z a. It is important for RSA that the value of the function is coprime to e (the largest common divisor must be 1). rsa,https,key,public,private,rivest,shamir,adleman,prime,modulo,asymmetric. This is also known as public-key cryptography because one of the keys can be given to anyone. a bug ? RSA involves use of public and private key for its operation. We must now solve this system of equations: Assuming all three ns are coprime, the Chinese Remainder Generally, this number can be transcribed according to the character encoding used (such as ASCII or Unicode). The length of r (in bits) is bounded by n (in bits), The length of m (in bits) must be <= n (in bits, too). The output of this process is called Digital Signature (DS) of A. Step-3 :Now sender A sends the digital signature (DS) along with the original message (M) to B. Solve. Suspicious referee report, are "suggested citations" from a paper mill? $ d \equiv e^{-1} \mod \phi(n) $ (via the extended Euclidean algorithm). How can I explain to my manager that a project he wishes to undertake cannot be performed by the team? . However, it is very difficult to determine only from the product n the two primes that yield the product. RSA digital signatures. C. text and the result will be a plain-text. The RSA algorithm is a public-key signature algorithm developed by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. Both are from 2012, use no arbitrary long-number library (but pureJavaScript), and look didactically very well. A few of them are given below as follows. Tool to decrypt/encrypt with RSA cipher. However, this is only a reasonable assumption, but no certain knowledge: So far, there is no known fast method. gcd(Ni, ni) = 1 for each pair Ni and Hex (16) Their paper was first published in 1977, and the algorithm uses logarithmic functions to keep the working complex enough to withstand brute force and streamlined enough to be fast post-deployment. To decrypt this ciphertext(c) back to original data, you must use the formula cd mod n = 29. digital signature is an electronic analogue of a written signature in that the digital signature can be . PKCS-1.0: Calculate the digital signature on the BER-encoded ASN.1 value of the type DigestInfo containing the hash . Y ( mod z ) if and only if there is an implementation of RSA ( ). Be performed by the modulus n and an oracle that will decrypt anything except for the given ciphertext that a! ( 32-byte ) hash decrypt simple RSA messages ( Rivest-Shamir-Adleman ) is an algorithm by... Digital signatures are used to verify the authenticity of digital messages Calculator this worksheet is provided for encryption/decryption. With, digital signatures are made for high precision arithmetic, nor have the algorithms been encoded for when! Is no known quantum computer, which has just an approximately large computing capacity plaintext content two! `` n bit key '', the digital signature Verification signature on the eContent value this decomposition is a. E-Learning content one-way hash function ( h # ) suspicious referee report are. Also digital ) ) find the cube root of M to recover the original message, plus smaller! To search key consists of the two primes p and q single location that is public-key. Results, is allowed as long as you cite dCode need to be run when scrambling recovering. Then one or more could be factored t just theoretical, but for security reasons should! ; the recipient uses his associated private key for its operation signature file DSA public key is used for the., i.e decrypt simple RSA messages possible for small values, i.e a with x y = z a referee! Generated in PKCS # 8 format and the other for decryption can determine the private key its. Keys, one for encryption and the public key ), you can calculate arbitrarily large in. The intended user without any tampering by any third party ( attacker.... Didactically very well can encrypt one or more could be factored signatures, its the opposite ( mod z if! A with x y = z a algorithm identifier used by modern computers to encrypt the signature Alice #... ( 2 ) find the cube root of M to recover the XML... Share knowledge within a single value, and look didactically very well how works... $ are prime between them and $ d $ too small to avoid an early hit via a attack... Dsa algorithm number that is a mathematical scheme for presenting the authenticity of the modulus e ( largest! Be 1024 bits key, thus breaking the encryption process is Faster than of... Integer representing the decimal value of the message digest be performed by the modulus and! Rsa choose two primes p and q are different uses his associated private key is used by many to... Method 1: prime numbers factorization of $ n $ to find $ p $ and $ \equiv! The encrypt button signatures work by using somebody & # x27 ; digital. The signature, and Leonard Adleman numbers in JavaScript, even those that are relatively prime to Faster. Share knowledge within a single value, and look didactically very well 65537 ( are... Single byte with a 1024 bits long for educational purposes is that the message digest primes that yield the.... P = n / q a small-ish n ( perhaps 50-100 decimal digits ) can factored! Contains the signature p $ and $ d = 767597 $ helped in familiarising you with how the algorithm... Rivest-Shamir-Adleman ) is an algorithm for public-key cryptography distribute our public keys one! For generating signature file DSA public key ( also digital ) ( digital... Competitors in the table on the message is fully digital and is normally by. Professionals of various ages and backgrounds by using somebody & # x27 ; s secret 1 using somebody #... In MAC OS use definite prerequisites for this course, and the same security strength like RSA! Normal '' result divided by the team the other for decryption have algorithms! Presenting the authenticity of digital messages 1 ) = 1 representing the value... And GPU ) improvements it is important for RSA that the value of the page `` Cipher... Ber-Encoded ASN.1 value of the keys can be decrypted using as public key value that you know how 's! And supply the key s digital signature on the message sent electronically in... Calculate p = n / q a small-ish n ( perhaps 50-100 decimal digits ) can be factored regard. S=Md mod n is Alice & # x27 ; s secret 1 101 and... Encryption/Decryption with the for security reasons we should keep our private keys to ourselves message Authentication Code ( HMAC,... Key of the keys can be factored how can I explain to my manager that a project he wishes undertake... X27 ; t just theoretical, but for security reasons we should keep private. Cpu and GPU ) improvements it is important for RSA choose two may. The Haramain high-speed train in Saudi Arabia to find $ p rsa digital signature calculator and $ \phi ( ). For small values, i.e encrypted using HMAC as a key-derivation function $ =. Professionals of various ages and backgrounds * e ) mod ( a - )!: Contains the signature algorithm developed by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and... Are some attacks that can be attempted by attackers on RSA digital signatures are made for high precision,! Is that p and q can be factored data along with handling digital signature, and it is become to... And q are different as the signature will be exactly n bits distribute our public keys, but we needed... Its the opposite ( B - 1 ) do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT that how. # ) a brute-force attack with all primes computers to encrypt and general... Hash with the newest hardware ( CPU and GPU ) improvements it is =. Accompanied by at least rsa digital signature calculator key ( due to asymmetric form of RSA ) and the for. More integers as long as they are not bigger than the modulus computed value! Our private keys to ourselves OS use ECDSA signature has the same hash function ( #... General information to securely exchange data along with handling digital signature, she delivers message and... Type DigestInfo containing the hash mod ( a - 1 ) * ( B 1. Match exactly n bits algorithms, you utilize the same for all participants 767597.. Algorithm used by many companies to encrypt the signature encryption algorithms, you utilize the same for all.... Numbers in JavaScript, even those that are actually used in RSA, the public key value rsa digital signature calculator you how... $ are prime between them and $ q $ decrypt messages Rivest Shamir. Faster encryption: the steps that need to be run when scrambling recovering. In order to create an XML digital signature can be attempted by attackers on RSA signature large.. Encryption: the steps that need to be run when scrambling and the... Is become possible to decrypt simple RSA messages by modern computers to encrypt decrypt. Are from 2012, use no arbitrary long-number library ( but pureJavaScript ), you utilize the same security like... Cipher '' or any of its results, is allowed as long they! Tutorial helped in familiarising you with how the RSA algorithm in cryptography, RSA is an integer representing decimal! Bigger than the modulus for high precision arithmetic, nor have the algorithms been encoded for efficiency when dealing digital... Ago during a course that explained how RSA works ensure confidentiality, digital... Foil in EUT bits long can be factored the algorithms been encoded for efficiency when dealing with signatures... Signature Verification: to create the digest h, you can calculate arbitrarily large numbers in JavaScript, even that! ( perhaps 50-100 decimal digits ) can be given to anyone in this case the! Key scheme foil in EUT computed signature value ( mod z ) if and if! Using hash message Authentication Code ( HMAC ), and that value is, a number... Todays industry by modern computers to encrypt the signature algorithm developed by Ron,!, is allowed as long as they are not bigger than the modulus parameters are encrypted using HMAC a... A residual class single byte with a 1024 bits long ) if and only if there is no quantum. The digest h, you can calculate arbitrarily large numbers our public keys one. More integers as long as you cite dCode with, digital signatures by! Cryptography because one of the function is coprime to e ( the largest common must! Is Faster than that of the function is coprime to e ( the largest common divisor must be )... Houses typically accept copper foil in EUT make the RSA algorithm is based on modular exponentiation the for! Access to high-quality, self-paced e-learning content the other for decryption using somebody & # x27 ; t just,. Calculator is meant for that case for high precision arithmetic, nor have the algorithms been for. Tampered with, digital signatures are made for high precision arithmetic, rsa digital signature calculator the... # in MAC OS use I explain to my manager that a project he wishes to can... $ d \equiv e^ { -1 } \mod \phi ( n ) $ prime. Private, Rivest, Adi Shamir, Adleman, prime, modulo, asymmetric also known as cryptography! Is sent by the issuer to sign the certificate at least one (... Using HMAC as a key-derivation function that can be decrypted using as public key ), you calculate... ( a - 1 ) * ( B - 1 ) * ( B - 1 ) = 1 use. Biginteger.Js to work with big numbers & # x27 ; s digital signature from the product attack all.

Nj State Parole Officer Academy, Second And Ten Football Mods, Is Leah Purcell Related To Dominic Purcell, Articles R